Luận Văn WCDMA FOR UMTS - HSPA Evolution and LTE 2010

Contents
Preface xvii
Acknowledgements xix
Abbreviations xxi
1 Introduction 1
Harri Holma and Antti Toskala
1.1 WCDMA Early Phase 1
1.2 HSPA Introduction and Data Growth 2
1.3 HSPA Deployments Globally 4
1.4 HSPA Evolution 5
1.5 HSPA Network Product 6
1.6 HSPA Future Outlook 7
References 8
2 UMTS Services 9
Harri Holma, Martin Kristensson, Jouni Salonen, Antti Toskala and Tommi Uitto
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Voice
2.2.1
Narrowband AMR and Wideband AMR Voice Services
2.2.2
Circuit-Switched over HSPA
2.2.3
Push-to-Talk over Cellular (PoC)
2.2.4
Voice-over IP
2.2.5
Key Performance Indicators for Voice
Video Telephony
2.3.1
Multimedia Architecture for Circuit Switched Connections
2.3.2
Video Codec
Messaging
2.4.1
Short Messaging Service (SMS)
2.4.2
Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS)
2.4.3
Voice Mail and Audio Messaging
2.4.4
Instant Messaging
Mobile Email
Browsing
Application and Content Downloading
Streaming
Gaming

Contents
Mobile Broadband for Laptop and Netbook Connectivity 27
2.10.1 29
End-to-End Security 29
2.10.2 30
Impact of Latency on Application Performance 31
Social Networking 32
Mobile TV 33
Location-Based Services 33
2.13.1 34
Cell Coverage-Based Location Calculation 35
2.13.2 40
Assisted GPS (A-GPS) 44
Machine-to-Machine Communications 45
Quality of Service (QoS) Differentiation 45
Maximum Air Interface Capacity
Terminals
Tariff Schemes
References
Introduction to WCDMA 47
Peter Muszynski and Harri Holma
Introduction
Summary of the Main Parameters in WCDMA
Spreading and Despreading
Multipath Radio Channels and Rake Reception
Power Control
Softer and Soft Handovers
References
Background and Standardization of WCDMA
Antti Toskala
Introduction
Background in Europe
4.2.1
Wideband CDMA
4.2.2
Wideband TDMA
4.2.3
Wideband TDMA/CDMA
4.2.4
OFDMA
4.2.5
ODMA
4.2.6
ETSI Selection
Background in Japan
Background in Korea
Background in the United States
4.5.1
W-CDMA N/A
4.5.2
UWC-136
4.5.3
cdma2000
4.5.4
TR46.1
4.5.5
WP-CDMA
Creation of 3GPP
How Does 3GPP Operate?
Creation of 3GPP2
Harmonization Phase
IMT-2000 Process in ITU
Beyond 3GPP Release 99 WCDMA
Industry Convergence with LTE and LTE-Advanced
References

Radio Access Network Architecture
Fabio Longoni, Atte Lansisalmi and Antti Toskala
̈
Introduction
UTRAN Architecture
5.2.1
The Radio Network Controller (RNC)
5.2.2
The Node B (Base Station)
General Protocol Model for UTRAN Terrestrial Interfaces
5.3.1
General
5.3.2
Horizontal Layers
5.3.3
Vertical Planes
Iu, the UTRAN–CN Interface
5.4.1
Protocol Structure for Iu CS
5.4.2
Protocol Structure for Iu PS
5.4.3
RANAP Protocol
5.4.4
Iu User Plane Protocol
5.4.5
Protocol Structure of Iu BC, and the Service Area Broadcast Protocol
UTRAN Internal Interfaces
5.5.1
RNC–RNC Interface (Iur Interface) and the RNSAP Signaling
5.5.2
RNC–Node B Interface and the NBAP Signaling
UTRAN Enhancements and Evolution
5.6.1
IP Transport in UTRAN
5.6.2
Iu Flex
5.6.3
Stand-Alone SMLC and Iupc Interface
5.6.4
Interworking between GERAN and UTRAN, and the Iur-g Interface
5.6.5
IP-Based RAN Architecture
UMTS CN Architecture and Evolution
5.7.1
Release 99 CN Elements
5.7.2
Release 5 CN and IP Multimedia Subsystem
References
Physical Layer
Antti Toskala
Introduction
Transport Channels and Their Mapping to the Physical Channels
6.2.1
Dedicated Transport Channel
6.2.2
Common Transport Channels
6.2.3
Mapping of Transport Channels onto the Physical Channels
6.2.4
Frame Structure of Transport Channels
Spreading and Modulation
6.3.1
Scrambling
6.3.2
Channelization Codes
6.3.3
Uplink Spreading and Modulation
6.3.4
Downlink Spreading and Modulation
6.3.5
Transmitter Characteristics
User Data Transmission
6.4.1
Uplink Dedicated Channel
6.4.2
Uplink Multiplexing
6.4.3
User Data Transmission with the Random Access Channel
6.4.4
Uplink Common Packet Channel
6.4.5
Downlink Dedicated Channel

Contents
6.4.7 119
Downlink Shared Channel 119
6.4.8 120
Forward Access Channel for User Data Transmission 121
6.4.9 121
Channel Coding for User Data 121
6.4.10 122
Coding for TFCI Information 122
Signaling 123
6.5.1 124
Common Pilot Channel (CPICH) 124
6.5.2 125
Synchronization Channel (SCH) 126
6.5.3 126
Primary Common Control Physical Channel (Primary CCPCH) 126
6.5.4 127
Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (Secondary CCPCH) 127
6.5.5 128
Random Access Channel (RACH) for Signaling Transmission 129
6.5.6 130
Acquisition Indicator Channel (AICH) 132
6.5.7 133
Paging Indicator Channel (PICH) 134
Physical Layer Procedures 135
6.6.1 136
Fast Closed-Loop Power Control Procedure 138
6.6.2 139
Open-Loop Power Control
6.6.3
Paging Procedure
6.6.4
RACH Procedure
6.6.5
Cell Search Procedure
6.6.6
Transmit Diversity Procedure
6.6.7
Handover Measurements Procedure
6.6.8
Compressed Mode Measurement Procedure
6.6.9
Other Measurements
6.6.10
Operation with Adaptive Antennas
6.6.11
Site Selection Diversity Transmission
Terminal Radio Access Capabilities
Conclusion
References
Radio Interface Protocols 141
Jukka Vial ́ n and Antti Toskala
e
Introduction
Protocol Architecture
The Medium Access Control Protocol
7.3.1
MAC Layer Architecture
7.3.2
MAC Functions
7.3.3
Logical Channels
7.3.4
Mapping between Logical Channels and Transport Channels
7.3.5
Example Data Flow Through the MAC Layer
The Radio Link Control Protocol
7.4.1
RLC Layer Architecture
7.4.2
RLC Functions
7.4.3
Example Data Flow Through the RLC Layer
The Packet Data Convergence Protocol
7.5.1
PDCP Layer Architecture
7.5.2
PDCP Functions
The Broadcast/Multicast Control Protocol
7.6.1
BMC Layer Architecture
7.6.2
BMC Functions
Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service
The Radio Resource Control Protocol
7.8.1 153
RRC Layer Logical Architecture 154
7.8.2 157
RRC Service States 170
7.8.3 170
RRC Functions and Signaling Procedures 171
Early UE Handling Principles
Improvements for Call Set-up Time Reduction
References
Radio Network Planning 173
Harri Holma, Zhi-Chun Honkasalo, Seppo Hamalainen, Jaana Laiho,
̈ ̈ ̈
Kari Sipila and Achim Wacker
̈
Introduction
Dimensioning
8.2.1
Radio Link Budgets
8.2.2
Load Factors
8.2.3
Capacity Upgrade Paths
8.2.4
Capacity per km2
8.2.5
Soft Capacity
8.2.6
Network Sharing
Capacity and Coverage Planning and Optimization
8.3.1
Iterative Capacity and Coverage Prediction
8.3.2
Planning Tool
8.3.3
Case Study
8.3.4
Network Optimization
GSM Co-planning
Inter-Operator Interference
8.5.1
Introduction
8.5.2
Uplink Versus Downlink Effects
8.5.3
Local Downlink Interference
8.5.4
Average Downlink Interference
8.5.5
Path Loss Measurements
8.5.6
Solutions to Avoid Adjacent Channel Interference
WCDMA Frequency Variants
UMTS Refarming to GSM Band
8.7.1
Coverage of UMTS900
Interference between GSM and UMTS
Remaining GSM Voice Capacity
Shared Site Solutions with GSM and UMTS
Interworking of UMTS900 and UMTS2100
References
Radio Resource Management
Harri Holma, Klaus Pedersen, Jussi Reunanen,
Janne Laakso and Oscar Salonaho
Introduction
Power Control
9.2.1
Fast Power Control
9.2.2
Outer Loop Power Control
Handovers
9.3.1
Intra-Frequency Handovers
9.3.2
Inter-System Handovers between WCDMA and GSM

Contents
9.3.3 244
Inter-Frequency Handovers within WCDMA 245
9.3.4 246
Summary of Handovers 246
Measurement of Air Interface Load 249
9.4.1 250
Uplink Load 250
9.4.2 250
Downlink Load 252
Admission Control 252
9.5.1 253
Admission Control Principle
9.5.2
Wideband Power-Based Admission Control Strategy
9.5.3
Throughput-Based Admission Control Strategy
Load Control (Congestion Control)
References
10 Packet Scheduling 255
Jeroen Wigard, Harri Holma, Renaud Cuny, Nina Madsen, Frank Frederiksen
and Martin Kristensson
10.1 Introduction 255
10.2 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) 255
10.3 Round Trip Time 261
10.4 User-Specific Packet Scheduling 264
10.4.1 264
Common Channels (RACH/FACH) 265
10.4.2 267
Dedicated Channel (DCH) 267
10.4.3 268
Downlink Shared Channel (DSCH) 270
10.4.4 272
Uplink Common Packet Channel (CPCH) 274
10.4.5 274
Selection of Transport Channel 275
10.4.6 275
Paging Channel States 275
Cell-Specific Packet Scheduling 277
10.5.1 280
Priorities 280
10.5.2 281
Scheduling Algorithms 284
10.5.3 287
Packet Scheduler in Soft Handover 289
Packet Data System Performance 291
10.6.1
Link Level Performance
10.6.2
System Level Performance
Packet Data Application Performance
10.7.1
Introduction to Application Performance
10.7.2
Person-to-Person Applications
10.7.3
Content-to-Person Applications
10.7.4
Business Connectivity
10.7.5
Conclusions on Application Performance
References
11 Physical Layer Performance 293
Harri Holma, Jussi Reunanen, Leo Chan, Preben Mogensen, Klaus Pedersen,
Kari Horneman, Jaakko Vihriala and Markku Juntti
̈ ̈
11.1 Introduction 293
11.2 Cell Coverage 293
11.2.1 295
Uplink Coverage 304
11.2.2 304
Downlink Coverage 305
Downlink Cell Capacity
11.3.1
Downlink Orthogonal Codes
11.3.2 310
Downlink Transmit Diversity 312
11.3.3 313
Downlink Voice Capacity 313
Capacity Trials 327
11.4.1 328
Single Cell Capacity Trials 330
11.4.2 330
Multicell Capacity Trials 333
11.4.3 334
Summary 334
3GPP Performance Requirements 340
11.5.1 349
Eb /N0 Performance
11.5.2
RF Noise Figure
Performance Enhancements
11.6.1
Smart Antenna Solutions
11.6.2
Multiuser Detection
References
High-Speed Downlink Packet Access 353
Antti Toskala, Harri Holma, Troels Kolding, Preben Mogensen, Klaus Pedersen
and Jussi Reunanen
Introduction
Release 99 WCDMA Downlink Packet Data Capabilities
The HSDPA Concept
HSDPA Impact on Radio Access Network Architecture
Release 4 HSDPA Feasibility Study Phase
HSDPA Physical Layer Structure
12.6.1
High-Speed Downlink Shared Channel (HS-DSCH)
12.6.2
High-Speed Shared Control Channel (HS-SCCH)
12.6.3
Uplink High-Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel (HS-DPCCH)
12.6.4
HSDPA Physical Layer Operation Procedure
HSDPA Terminal Capability and Achievable Data Rates
Mobility with HSDPA
12.8.1
Measurement Event for Best Serving HS-DSCH Cell
12.8.2
Intra-Node B HS-DSCH to HS-DSCH Handover
12.8.3
Inter-Node–Node B HS-DSCH to HS-DSCH Handover
12.8.4
HS-DSCH to DCH Handover
HSDPA Performance
12.9.1
Factors Governing Performance
12.9.2
Spectral Efficiency, Code Efficiency and Dynamic Range
12.9.3
User Scheduling, Cell Throughput and Coverage
12.9.4
HSDPA Network Performance with Mixed Non-HSDPA and HSDPA Terminals
HSPA Link Budget
HSDPA Iub Dimensioning
HSPA Round Trip Time
Terminal Receiver Aspects
Evolution in Release 6
Conclusion
References
High-Speed Uplink Packet Access
Antti Toskala, Harri Holma and Karri Ranta-aho
Introduction
Release 99 WCDMA Downlink Packet Data Capabilities

Contents
13.3 The HSUPA Concept 392
13.4 HSUPA Impact on Radio Access Network Architecture 393
13.4.1 394
HSUPA Iub Operation 395
13.5 HSUPA Feasibility Study Phase 395
13.6 HSUPA Physical Layer Structure 396
13.7 E-DCH and Related Control Channels 396
13.7.1 398
E-DPDCH 399
13.7.2 399
E-DPCCH 399
13.7.3 400
E-HICH 401
13.7.4 402
E-RGCH 403
13.7.5 404
E-AGCH 404
13.8 HSUPA Physical Layer Operation Procedure 404
13.8.1 406
HSUPA and HSDPA Simultaneous Operation 406
13.9 HSUPA Terminal Capability 407
13.10 HSUPA Performance 408
13.10.1 Increased Data Rates 408
13.10.2 Physical Layer Retransmission Combining
13.10.3 Node B-Based Scheduling
13.10.4 HSUPA Link Budget Impact
13.10.5 Delay and QoS
13.10.6 Overall Capacity
13.11 Conclusion
References
14 409
Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service (MBMS)
Harri Holma, Martin Kristensson and Jorma Kaikkonen
14.1 Introduction
14.2 MBMS Impact on Network Architecture
14.3 High Level MBMS Procedures
14.4 MBMS Radio Interface Channel Structure
14.4.1
Logical Channels
14.4.2
Transport Channels
14.4.3
Physical Channels
14.4.4
Point-to-Point and Point-to-Multipoint Connections
14.4.5
Example Radio Interface Procedure during MBMS Session Start
14.5 MBMS Terminal Capability
14.5.1
Selective Combining and Soft Combining
14.6 MBMS Performance
14.6.1
3GPP Performance Requirements
14.6.2
Simulated MBMS Cell Capacity
14.6.3
Iub Transport Capacity
14.7 MBMS Deployment and Use Cases
14.8 Benchmarking of MBMS with DVB-H
14.9 3GPP MBMS Evolution in Release 7
14.10 Why Did MBMS Fail?
14.11 Integrated Mobile Broadcast (IMB) in Release 8
14.12 Conclusion
References

Contents xiii
15 HSPA Evolution 431
Harri Holma, Karri Ranta-aho and Antti Toskala
Introduction
Discontinuous Transmission and Reception (DTX/DRX)
Circuit Switched Voice on HSPA
Enhanced FACH and Enhanced RACH
Latency
Fast Dormancy
Downlink 64QAM
Downlink MIMO
Transmit Diversity (TxAA)
Uplink 16QAM
UE Categories
Layer 2 Optimization
Architecture Evolution
Conclusion
References
HSPA Multicarrier Evolution 455
Harri Holma, Karri Ranta-aho and Antti Toskala
Introduction
Dual Cell HSDPA in Release 8
Dual Cell HSUPA in Release 9
Dual Cell HSDPA with MIMO in Release 9
Dual Band HSDPA in Release 9
Three and Four Carrier HSDPA in Release 10
UE Categories
Conclusion
References
UTRAN Long-Term Evolution 467
Antti Toskala and Harri Holma
Introduction
Multiple Access and Architecture Decisions
LTE Impact on Network Architecture
LTE Multiple Access
17.4.1
OFDMA Principles
17.4.2
SC-FDMA Principles
LTE Physical Layer Design and Parameters
LTE Physical Layer Procedures
17.6.1
Random Access
17.6.2
Data Reception and Transmission
17.6.3
CQI Procedure
17.6.4
Downlink Transmission Modes
17.6.5
Uplink Transmission Modes
17.6.6
LTE Physical Layer Compared to WCDMA
LTE Protocols
Contents
17.8
Performance 487
17.8.1 487
Peak Bit Rates 487
17.8.2 490
Spectral Efficiency 492
17.8.3 492
Link Budget and Coverage 494
17.9 LTE Device Categories 494
17.10 LTE-Advanced Outlook
17.11 Conclusion
References

TD-SCDMA
Antti Toskala and Harri Holma
Introduction
18.1.1
TDD
Differences in the Network-Level Architecture
TD-SCDMA Physical Layer
18.3.1
Transport and Physical Channels
18.3.2
Modulation and Spreading
18.3.3
Physical Channel Structures, Slot and Frame Format
TD-SCDMA Data Rates
TD-SCDMA Physical Layer Procedures
18.5.1
Power Control
18.5.2
TD-SCDMA Receiver
18.5.3
Uplink Synchronization
18.5.4
Dynamic Channel Allocation
18.5.5
Summary of the TD-SCDMA Physical Layer Operation
TD-SCDMA Interference and Co-existence Considerations
18.6.1
TDD–TDD Interference
18.6.2
TDD and FDD Co-existence
18.6.3
Conclusions on TDD and TD-SCDMA Interference
Conclusion and Future Outlook on TD-SCDMA
References
Home Node B and Femtocells
Troels Kolding, Hanns-Jurgen Schwarzbauer, Johanna Pekonen, Karol Drazynski,
̈
Jacek Gora, Maciej Pakulski, Patryk Pisowacki, Harri Holma and Antti Toskala
Introduction
Home Node B Specification Work
Technical Challenges of Uncoordinated Mass Deployment
Home Node B Architecture
19.4.1
Home Node B Protocols and Procedures for Network Interfaces
19.4.2
Femtocell Indication on a Terminal Display
Closed Subscriber Group
19.5.1
Closed Subscriber Group Management
19.5.2
Closed Subscriber Group Access Control
Home Node B-Related Mobility
19.6.1
Idle Mode Mobility
19.6.2
Outbound Relocations
19.6.3
Inbound Relocations
19.6.4
Relocations between HNB Cells
19.6.5
Paging Optimization

19.6.6 527
Home Node B to Macro Handover 527
19.6.7 528
Macro to Home Node B Handover 529
19.6.8 529
Home Node B Cell Identification Ambiguity 529
19.6.9 530
Summary of Home Node B-Related Mobility 532
Home Node B Deployment and Interference Mitigation 534
19.7.1 536
Home Node B Radio Frequency Aspects 540
19.7.2 544
Recommended 3G Home Node B Measurements 545
19.7.3 545
Home Node B Interference Considerations 546
19.7.4
Adaptive Control of Home Node B Transmit Powers
19.7.5
Femtocell Interference Simulations
19.7.6
Network Planning Aspects
19.7.7
Summary of Home Node B Frequency Usage
Home Node B Evolution
Conclusion
References
Terminal RF and Baseband Design Challenges 547
Laurent Noel, Dominique Brunel, Antti Toskala and Harri Holma
̈
Introduction
Transmitter Chain System Design Challenges
20.2.1
The Adjacent Channel Leakage Ratio/Power Consumption Trade-Off
20.2.2
Phase Discontinuity
Receiver Chain Design Challenges
20.3.1
UE Reference Sensitivity System Requirements
20.3.2
Inter-Operator Interference
20.3.3
Impact of RF Impairments on HSDPA System Performance
Improving Talk-Time with DTX/DRX
20.4.1
Talk-Time Benchmark of Recent WCDMA Handsets
20.4.2
Trend in RF-IC Power Consumption and Model
20.4.3
Power Amplifier Control Schemes and Power Consumption Model
20.4.4
UE Power Consumption Models
20.4.5
Talk-Time Improvements in Circuit Switched Voice over HSPA with DTX/DRX
Multi-Mode/Band Challenges
20.5.1
From Mono-Mode/Mono-Band to Multi-Mode/Multi-Band and Diversity
20.5.2
New Requirements Due to Co-existence
20.5.3
Front End Integration Strategies and Design Trends
20.5.4
Impact on Today’s Architectures
Conclusion
References