Tài liệu Uml for the it business analyst, second edition: A practical guide to requirements gathering using t

Introduction xix
Chapter 1 Who Are IT Business Analysts? 1
Chapter Objectives 1
The IT and Non-IT BA .1
Perspective on the IT BA Role .2
Why Modeling Is a Good Thing .3
The Behavioral (Dynamic) Model 3
The Structural (Static) Model .4
For Those Trained in Structured Analysis 5
Mapping the BABOK 2 to This Book .6
Chapter Summary .13
Endnotes .14
Chapter 2 The BA’s Perspective on Object Orientation .17
Chapter Objectives .17
What Is OO? 18
The UML Standard .18
Cognitive Psychology and OO 18
Objects 19
The BA Perspective .19
Attributes and Operations 19
The BA Perspective .19
Operations and Methods .20
The BA Perspective .20
Encapsulation .20
The BA Perspective .20
OO Concept: Classes .21
The BA Perspective .22
OO Concept: Relationships 22
OO Concept: Generalization .22
OO Concept: Association 24
OO Concept: Aggregation .25
OO Concept: Composite Aggregation (Composition) .26
OO Concept: Polymorphism .27
Polymorphic Objects 27
Polymorphic Operations .27
The BA Perspective .28
Use Cases and Scenarios 28
The BA Perspective .29
Business and System Use Cases .29
The BA Perspective .30
Chapter Summary .30
Endnotes .31
Chapter 3 Steps of B.O.O.M .33
Chapter Objectives .33
B.O.O.M. and SDLCs 33
The B.O.O.M. Steps 34
Step 1: Initiation .34
Step 2: Discovery .35
Step 3: Construction 37
Step 4: Final Verification and Validation (V&V) 37
Step 5: Closeout .37
What Do You Define First—Attributes or Operations? 37
Developing the Structural Model Alongside the Behavioral Model .38
Tailoring B.O.O.M. for Your Project .38
What Do You Show Stakeholders? 41
Chapter Summary .42
Endnotes .42
Chapter 4 Analyzing End-to-End Business Processes 43
Chapter Objectives .43
Interviews During the Phases 43
B.O.O.M. Steps 45
Step 1: The Initiation Phase .45
What Happens During the Initiation Phase? 45
How Long Does the Initiation Phase Take? .45
Deliverables of the Initiation Step: BRD (Initiation Version) 45
Step 1a: Model Business Use Cases 46
How Do You Document Business Use Cases? 47
Step 1ai: Identify Business Use Cases (Business Use-Case Diagram) 47
Other Model Elements 48
Putting Theory into Practice .48
Case Study D1: Business Use-Case Diagrams 49
Step 1aii: Scope Business Use Cases (Activity Diagram) .63
Activity Diagrams for Describing Business Use Cases 65
Case Study D2: Business Use-Case Activity Diagram
with Partitions (Swimlanes) 73
Chapter Summary .78
Endnotes .78
Chapter 5 Scoping the IT Project with System Use Cases .79
Chapter Objectives .79
Step 1b: Model System Use Cases .79
Step 1bi: Identify Actors (Role Map) 80
Finding Actors .80
Stereotypes and Actors .81
The Role Map .82
Modeling Actors with Overlapping Roles .82
What’s the Point of Defining Generalized Actors? .84
Case Study E1: Role Map 84
Step 1bii: Identify System Use-Case Packages
(System Use-Case Diagram) 86
What Criteria Are Used to Group System
Use Cases into Packages? 86
Naming Use-Case Packages 86
Diagramming System Use-Case Packages .87
What If a Use-Case Package Is Connected to
All of the Specialized Actors of a Generalized Actor? .88
Case Study E2: System Use-Case Packages 89
Step 1biii: Identify System Use Cases (System Use-Case Diagram) .91
Features of System Use Cases 91
What Is the Purpose of Segmenting
the User Requirements into System Use Cases? 92
Modeling System Use Cases 92
Is There a Rule of Thumb for How
Many System Use Cases a Project Would Have? 95
Case Study E3: System Use-Case Diagrams 95
Step 1c: Begin Structural Model
(Class Diagrams for Key Business Classes) .101
Step 1d: Set Baseline for Discovery (BRD/Initiation) .101
Chapter Summary 102
Endnotes 102
Chapter 6 Storyboarding the User’s Experience .103
Chapter Objectives 103
Step 2: Discovery .104
Lifecycle Considerations 104
Step 2ai: Describe System Use Cases 104
The Use-Case Description Template 105
The Fundamental Approach Behind the Template 106
Documenting the Basic Flow 109
Use-Case Writing Guidelines 109
Basic Flow Example: CPP System/Review Case Report 110
Documenting Alternate Flows 111
Typical Alternate Flows 111
Alternate Flow Documentation 112
Example of Use Case with Alternate Flows:
CPP System/Review Case Report .113
Documenting an Alternate of an Alternate .114
Documenting Exception Flows 114
Guidelines for Conducting System Use-Case Interviews 115
Activity Diagrams for System Use Cases .115
Related Artifacts .115
Decision Tables .116
Case Study F1: Decision Table .119
Decision Trees 122
Case Study F2: Decision Tree 123
Condition/Response Table 124
Business Rules 124
Advanced Use-Case Features 125
Include 126
Extend 129
Generalized Use Case 133
Case Study F3: Advanced Use-Case Features .136
Chapter Summary 138
Endnotes 138
Chapter 7 Lifecycle Requirements for Key Business Objects .141
Chapter Objectives 141
What Is a State-Machine Diagram? 142
Step 2aii: 1. Identify States of Critical Objects 144
Types of States .144
Case Study G1: States 145
Step 2aii: 2. Identify State Transitions 147
Depicting State Transitions in UML .147
Mapping State-Machine Diagrams to System Use Cases 149
Case Study G2: Transitions 150
Step 2aii: 3. Identify State Activities 153
Case Study G3: State Activities 155
Step 2aii: 4. Identify Composite States 157
Case Study G4: Composite States 158
Step 2aii: 5. Identify Concurrent States .160
Concurrent State Example 160
Chapter Summary 161
Endnotes 162
Chapter 8 Gathering Across-the-Board Business
Rules with Class Diagrams 163
Chapter Objectives 163
Step 2b: Structural Analysis .164
FAQs about Structural Analysis 165
Step 2bi: Identify Entity Classes .166
FAQs about Entity Classes 167
Indicating a Class in UML .167
Naming Conventions 167
Grouping Classes into Packages 168
The Package Diagram 169
Why It's Worth Pausing to Do Some Structural
Modeling When Stakeholders Introduce New Terms 169
Interview Questions for Finding Classes .170
Challenge Questions .170
Supporting Class Documentation 171
Case Study H1: Entity Classes .172
Step 2bii: Model Generalizations 175
Subtyping .175
Generalization .175
Case Study H2: Generalizations .179
Step 2biii: Model Transient Roles 180
Example of Transient Role 181
How Does a Transient Role Differ from a Specialization? .181
Some Terminology 182
Why Indicate Transient Roles? .182
Rules about Transient Roles .182
Indicating Transient Roles 182
Sources of Information for Finding Transient Roles 182
Interview Questions for Determining Transient Roles 183
What If a Group of Specialized Classes Can All Play the Same Role? 183
Case Study H3: Transient Roles 184