Tài liệu Tinh thể nano kim cương. Tổng hợp, tính chất và ứng dụng

Contents
Contributors xv
Preface . xix
Part I. Overview: Naturally Occurring UNCD and Its
Laboratory Synthesis
1. Carbon Family at the Nanoscale 3
Introduction . 3
1.1 Historical Overview . 4
1.2 Nanocarbon Classification 8
1.3 Exotic Nanocarbons 12
1.4 Conclusion 16
References . 16
2. Extraterrestrial Nanodiamonds in the Cosmos 23
Introduction . 23
2.1 Stellar Nucleosynthesis and Presolar Stardust 24
2.2 Discovery and Identification of Presolar Minerals 26
2.3 Origins of Meteoritic Nanodiamonds . 27
2.4 Isotopic Compositions of Meteoritic Nanodiamonds:
Stellar Sources 28
2.4.1 Primary C, Surface Bound H, and Trapped N . 30
2.4.2 Trapped Noble Gases . 33
2.4.3 Trapped Te, Pd, Ba, and Sr 46
2.4.4 Inferred Stellar Sources 48
2.5 Microstructure of Meteoritic Nanodiamonds: Formation
Mechanisms 50
2.5.1 Twin Microstructure . 50
2.5.2 Dislocation Microstructure . 54
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2.5.3 Polytypes 55
2.5.4 Inferred Mechanisms of Formation . 56
2.6 Noble Gas and N Content in Meteoritic Nanodiamonds:
Nebular Processes 58
2.7 Nanodiamonds in Interplanetary Dust Particles:
Insights on Solar Nebula Evolution . 65
2.8 Summary of Experimental Data 67
2.9 The New Astronomy 68
Acknowledgments . 69
References . 69
3. Types of Nanocrystalline Diamond 79
Introduction . 79
3.1 Nanodiamonds: Shapes 81
3.2 Types of Nanodiamond and Methods of Their
Synthesis 82
3.2.1 Zero-dimensional Nanodiamond Structures . 84
3.2.2 One-dimensional ND Structures . 95
3.2.3 Two-dimensional ND Structures . 102
3.2.4 Three-dimensional ND Structures . 104
3.3 Conclusion 108
Acknowledgments . 109
References . 109
Part II. Stability of Nanodiamond
4. Stability of Nanodiamond . 117
Introduction: Nanocarbon Phase Stability . 117
4.1 Nanocarbon Phase Diagrams . 118
4.2 Theoretical Studies of the Relative Phase Stability of
Nanocarbons . 123
4.2.1 Stability of Large Nanocarbon Particles 124
4.2.2 Stability of Small Nanocarbon Particles 129
4.2.3 Coexistence of Bucky-diamond and Other
Nanocarbon Phases . 130
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4.2.4 Stability of Quasi One-dimensional
Nanocarbon 132
4.2.5 Summary . 134
4.3 Morphologies 134
4.3.1 Morphology of Nanodiamond Particles . 134
4.3.2 Morphology of Diamond Nanorods and
Nanowires . 141
4.3.3 Hybrid Nanocarbon Materials . 146
4.4 Conclusions 147
Acknowledgments . 149
References . 149
Part III. UNCD Films and Related Materials
5. Electron Transport and the Potential of Ultrananocrystalline
Diamond as a Thermoelectric Material 157
Introduction . 157
5.1 Characterization of n-type Conductivity in UNCD
Films . 159
5.2 Applications of n-type UNCD Films . 165
5.2.1 Field Electron Emission 167
5.2.2 Electrodes for Electrochemistry and
Biosensing 168
5.2.3 High-temperature n-type UNCD/p-type Alldiamond
Heterostructure Diode 169
5.3 Electronic Structure of UNCD Grain Boundaries . 170
5.4 UNCD and Carbon Nanotube/UNCD Composites as
Potential High-efficiency, High-temperature
Thermoelectric Materials . 173
5.5 Summary 178
Acknowledgments . 179
References . 180
6. Plasma-assisted Synthesis: Plasma Experimental Diagnostics
and Modeling . 185
Introduction . 185
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6.1 Experimental Details . 188
6.1.1 MPACVD Reactor and Process Parameters 188
6.1.2 Arrangements for Spectroscopic Diagnostics . 190
6.2 Fundamentals of Plasma Diagnostics . 191
6.2.1 Optical Emission and Broadband Absorption
Spectroscopy 191
6.2.2 Plasma Modeling 199
6.3 Investigations of Typical NCD Deposition Conditions 202
6.3.1 Deposition and Characterization of NCD
Films . 202
6.3.2 Plasma Diagnostics 207
6.3.3 Conclusion on Plasma Characterization . 211
6.4 Investigations of Ar/H2/CH4 Microwave Discharges with
the Plasma Thermochemical Model 211
6.4.1 Parametric Studies 211
6.4.2 Mechanisms of C2 Formation 220
6.4.3 Conclusion on Plasma Modeling . 222
6.5 General Conclusion 223
References . 224
7. Nanodiamond Films Deposited from Energetic Species:
Material Characterization and Mechanism of Formation . 229
Introduction . 229
7.1 The Deposition System and Deposition Parameters . 231
7.2 Evolution and Properties of the Films Studied by
NEXAFS: Coordination and Orientation 235
7.3 Phase Composition of the Films as Reflected by
Raman Spectroscopy 240
7.4 Crystalline Structure of the Films by XRD . 246
7.5 Morphological Evolution of the Films by AFM 248
7.6 Surface and Grain Boundary Phase Composition
Studied by EELS . 248
7.7 Hydrogen Content in the Films by SIMS and ERD 251
7.8 Hydrogen Bonding Configuration in the Nanodiamond
Films Studied by HREELS 252
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7.9 Density Evolution of the Films Examined by XRR . 257
7.10 Visualization and Evolution of the Films Studied by HR
TEM 257
7.11 Formation Mechanism of the Nanodiamond Film
Deposited from Energetic Species 260
7.12 Summary 266
Acknowledgments . 267
References . 267
8. Theoretical Studies of UNCD Synthesis and Properties 273
Introduction . 273
8.1 Computational Methodologies . 274
8.2 Carbon Dimer Growth Mechanisms on the (110) Face
of Diamond . 275
8.2.1 The (110) 1 × 1:H Surfaces . 275
8.2.2 Clean (110) Diamond Surface 278
8.3 Carbon Dimer Growth Mechanisms on the (100)
Surface of Diamond 279
8.3.1 The (100) 2 × 1:H Diamond Surface . 280
8.3.2 The (100) 2 × 1 Diamond Surface . 281
8.3.3 Nitrogen Addition to (100) 2 × 1 Surface . 284
8.3.4 A Model for UNCD Growth Kinetics 285
8.4 Electronic Structure of UNCD 287
8.4.1 Grain Boundaries in UNCD . 287
8.4.2 Structure of High-angle Twist GBs in
Diamond 288
8.4.3 Electronic Structure of GBs with π Bonding in
UNCD 290
8.5 Electronic Structure of Doped UNCD 293
8.5.1 Nitrogen in Diamond and Amorphous Carbon 293
8.5.2 Nitrogen Impurities in the UNCD GBs . 294
8.5.3 Other Impurities in the UNCD GBs . 298
Acknowledgments . 299
References . 299
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9. Mechanical Properties of Undoped and Doped
Ultrananocrystalline Diamond: Elasticity, Strength, and
Toughness . 303
Introduction . 303
9.1 The Material 305
9.2 Experimental Technique . 308
9.2.1 Elasticity and Strength Experiments . 308
9.2.2 Fracture Toughness Experiments . 310
9.3 Experimental Results 314
9.3.1 Stress-strain Curves . 314
9.3.2 Size Effect and Weibull Analysis . 316
9.3.3 Toughness Measurements . 319
9.4 Fractographic Analysis 325
9.5 Theoretical Strength 327
9.6 Conclusions 328
Acknowledgments . 329
References . 329
Part IV. UNCD Particles of Detonation Origin
10. On the Discovery of Detonation Nanodiamond 335
References . 344
11. Synthesis and Post-synthesis Treatment of Detonation
Nanodiamonds . 347
Introduction . 347
11.1 Industrial Technologies of Detonation Synthesis of
UNCD . 349
11.2 Post-synthesis Purification and Modification . 354
11.2.1 Chemical Purification 354
11.2.2 UNCD Modification . 371
References . 375
12. Characterization and Physical Properties of UNCD Particles 379
Introduction . 379
12.1 Methods for Characterization of UNCD Particles . 380
12.1.1 General Remarks 380
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12.1.2 X-ray Diffraction 380
12.1.3 Small-angle X-ray Scattering 382
12.1.4 Raman Scattering . 383
12.1.5 HRTEM and SEM Studies 386
12.1.6 STM and AFM Studies 387
12.1.7 Visible and Far-infrared Spectroscopic
Studies 389
12.1.8 NMR and EPR Studies . 390
12.1.9 EELS Characterization of UNCD Powders . 391
12.2 The Structure of UNCD Clusters and the Aggregation
Problem 391
12.3 Mechanical Properties . 396
12.4 Optical Properties . 397
12.5 Electronic Properties . 397
Summary 398
Acknowledgments . 398
References . 399
13. Diamond Phase Transitions at Nanoscale . 405
Introduction . 405
13.1 Stability of Nanocarbons . 408
13.2 Surface Chemistry: Stability of Surface Species . 411
13.2.1 Surface Groups of NDs . 411
13.2.2 Thermal Stability of ND Surface Groups . 413
13.2.3 Critical View of the Formation of sp2-bonded
Carbon in Pristine NDs . 418
13.2.4 The Onset Temperature of ND Graphitization 420
13.3 Kinetics of Diamond Graphitization . 422
13.3.1 Experimental Approaches for the Study of ND
Graphitization 423
13.3.2 Kinetic Parameters of ND Graphitization for the
Temperature Range of 1370–1860 K . 425
13.4 Mechanism of Diamond Graphitization 431
13.4.1 Diamond Surface Reconstruction . 431
13.4.2 Cleavage Energies of Diamond Planes 433
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13.4.3 Shape of Diamond Particles . 434
13.4.4 Graphite/Diamond Interfaces 436
13.4.5 Formation of Nanocarbon Species via “Low”-
temperature Diamond Graphitization 439
13.4.6 The Formation of the Closed Curved Graphitic
Structure on the Surface of Micron-size
Diamond 445
13.5 Catalytic Graphitization of NDs in the Presence of
Metal Clusters . 450
13.6 Graphitization of NDs in the Presence of Oxygen- and
Hydrogen-containing Gases 454
13.7 Properties of ND Annealing Products: OLC, sp2/sp3
Nanocomposites . 457
13.8 Conclusion 461
Acknowledgments . 463
References . 463
14. Applications of Detonation Nanodiamond 477
14.1 Electrochemical Coatings 477
14.1.1 Chrome Plating . 477
14.1.2 Copper Plating 480
14.1.3 Zinc Plating . 481
14.1.4 Tin Plating . 482
14.1.5 Silvering 482
14.1.6 Gold Plating 483
14.1.7 Nickel Plating 484
14.1.8 Anode Oxidation . 484
14.1.9 The Deposition of Alloys along with UNCD . 485
14.2 Polymer Compositions and Antifriction Coatings . 486
14.2.1 The Polyisoprene and Butadiene–Styrene
Copolymer . 488
14.2.2 The Polysiloxane Polyblock Cyclolinear
Copolymer . 491
14.2.3 Polyurethane Foam . 492
14.2.4 Frost-resistant Butadiene–Nitrile Rubber 493
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14.2.5 Rubbers Stable to Explosive Decompression . 494
14.2.6 Gas-flame Deposition of Polymer Coatings 495
14.3 Polishing . 496
14.4 Oils and Lubricants . 504
14.5 Diamond Sinters and Compacts 508
14.6 Bioactivity of UNCD Particles 513
14.7 Other Technological Applications of UNCD Particles 520
References . 521
15. Nanodiamond: Designing the Bio-platform 529
Introduction . 529
15.1 Functionalization of ND with Heteroatoms and
Chemical Groups 531
15.2 Modification with Nucleic Acids . 536
15.3 Interaction with Proteins 540
15.4 Application in Biosensors and Medicine 541
15.5 Biocompatibility of ND . 547
15.6 Conclusion 549
References . 550
16. History of Russian Patents on Detonation Nanodiamonds 559
Introduction . 559
16.1 Patents on Methods of DND Synthesis . 560
16.2 Patents on Post-synthesis Treatments 563
16.3 Patents on Composition of Matter . 570
16.4 Patents on Applications . 573
16.5 Conclusion 580
Acknowledgments . 581
References . 581
Index 589