Sách Tính chất vật lý của ống nanocarbon

Part I Theory and Modelling
1 From Quantum Models to Novel Effects
to New Applications: Theory of Nanotube Devices
S.V. Rotkin 3
1.1 Introduction: Classical vs. Quantum Modelling 3
1.2 Classical Terms: Weak Screening in 1D Systems 5
1.2.1 Drift–Diffusion Equation
and Quasi–equilibrium Charge Density . 6
1.2.2 Linear Conductivity and Transconductance . 7
1.2.3 Numerical Results and Discussion . 9
1.3 Quantum Terms. I. Quantum Capacitance 11
1.3.1 Statistical Approach
to Calculating Self-Consistent Charge Density
in SWNT in Vacuum 13
1.3.2 Green’s Function Approach for Geometric Capacitance . 15
1.3.3 Results and Discussion . 17
1.4 Quantum Terms. II. Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking 18
1.4.1 Splitting of SWNT Subband Due to Interaction
with the Substrate . 18
1.4.2 Charge Injection due to the Fermi Level Shift . 21
1.4.3 Dipole Polarization Correction 23
Level Shift . 21
1.4.3 Dipole Polarization Correction 23
1.5 Quantum Terms. III. Band Structure Engineering 25
1.5.1 Band Gap Opening and Closing in Uniform Fields . 26
1.6 Novel Device Concepts:
Metallic Field–Effect Transistor (METFET) . 29
1.6.1 Symmetry and Selection Rules in Armchair Nanotubes . 30
1.6.2 Gap Opening and Switching OFF: Armchair SWNT . 32
1.6.3 Switching OFF Quasi–metallic Zigzag Nanotube 33
1.6.4 Modulation of Ballistic Conductance . 34
1.6.5 Results and Discussion . 35
References . 37
XIV Contents
2 Symmetry Based Fundamentals of Carbon Nanotubes
M. Damnjanovi´c, I. Milo¡sevi´c, E. Dobard¡zi´c, T. Vukovi´c, B. Nikoli´c 41
2.1 Introduction . 41
2.2 Configuration and Symmetry 42
2.2.1 Single-Wall Nanotubes . 42
2.2.2 Double-Wall Nanotubes 45
2.3 Symmetry Based Band Calculations 49
2.3.1 Modified Wigner Projectors . 49
2.3.2 Symmetry and Band Topology 52
2.3.3 Quantum Numbers and Selection Rules 53
2.3.4 Electron Bands . 54
2.3.5 Force Constants Phonon Dispersions . 57
2.4 Optical Absorption . 60
2.4.1 Conventional Nanotubes . 60
2.4.2 Template Grown Nanotubes 65
2.5 Phonons 68
2.5.1 Infinite SWNTs . 68
2.5.2 Commensurate Double-Wall Nanotubes 74
2.6 Symmetry Breaks Friction: Super-Slippery Walls . 80
2.6.1 Symmetry and Interaction 80
2.6.2 Numerical Results . 82
References . 85
3 Elastic Continuum Models of Phonons
in Carbon Nanotubes
A. Raichura, M. Dutta, M.A. Stroscio . 89
3.1 Introduction . 89
3.2 Acoustic Modes in Single Wall Nanotubes . 90
3.2.1 Model . 90
3.2.2 Dispersion Curves . 94
3.2.3 Deformation Potential . 97
3.3 Optical Modes in Multi-wall Nanotubes . 102
3.3.1 Model . 102
3.3.2 Normalization of LO Phonon Modes . 103
3.3.3 Optical Deformation Potential 107
3.4 Quantized Vibrational Modes in Hollow Spheres . 108
3.5 Conclusions . 109
References . 109
Contents XV
Part II Synthesis and Characterization
4 Direct Growth of Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes
on Flat Substrates for Nanoscale Electronic Applications
Shaoming Huang, Jie Liu 113
4.1 Introduction . 113
4.2 Diameter Control 114
4.3 Orientation Control 118
4.4 Growth of Superlong and Well-Aligned SWNTs
on a Flat Surface by the “Fast-Heating” Process . 119
4.5 Growth Mechanism 122
4.6 Advantages of Long and Oriented Nanotubes
for Device Applications . 129
4.7 Summary . 129
References . 130
5 Nano-Peapods Encapsulating Fullerenes
Toshiya Okazaki, Hisanori Shinohara 133
5.1 Introduction . 133
5.2 High-Yield Synthesis of Nano-Peapods 134
5.3 Packing Alignment of the Fullerenes Inside SWNTs 137
5.4 Electronic Structures of Nano-Peapods . 139
5.5 Transport Properties of Nano-Peapods 142
5.6 Nano-Peapod as a Sample Cell at Nanometer Scale . 144
5.7 Peapod as a “Nano-Reactor” 145
5.8 Conclusions . 148
References . 148
6 The Selective Chemistry
of Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes
M.S. Strano, M.L. Usrey, P.W. Barone, D.A. Heller, S. Baik . 151
6.1 Introduction: Advances in Carbon Nanotube Characterization . 151
6.2 Selective Covalent Chemistry
of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes 153
6.2.1 Motivation and Background 153
6.2.2 Review of Carbon Nanotube Covalent Chemistry 153
6.2.3 The Pyramidalization Angle Formalism
for Carbon Nanotube Reactivity . 154
6.2.4 The Selective Covalent Chemistry
of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes 155
6.2.5 Spectroscopic Tools
for Understanding Selective Covalent Chemistry . 160
6.3 Selective Non-covalent Chemistry: Charge Transfer . 164
6.3.1 Single-Walled Nanotubes and Charge Transfer 164
XVI Contents
6.3.2 Selective Protonation of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes
in Solution . 164
6.3.3 Selective Protonation of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes
Suspended in DNA 169
6.4 Selective Non-covalent Chemistry: Solvatochromism 170
6.4.1 Introduction and Motivation 170
6.4.2 Fluorescence Intensity Changes . 171
6.4.3 Wavelength Shifts . 171
6.4.4 Changes to the Raman Spectrum 174
References . 177
Part III Optical Spectroscopy
7 Fluorescence Spectroscopy
of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes
R.B. Weisman 183
7.1 Introduction . 183
7.2 Observation of Photoluminescence . 185
7.3 Deciphering the (n, m) Spectral Assignment 186
7.4 Implications of the Spectral Assignment 187
7.5 Transition Line Shapes
and Single-Nanotube Optical Spectroscopy 192
7.6 Influence of Sample Preparation on Optical Spectra 194
7.7 Spectrofluorimetric Sample Analysis 195
7.8 Detection, Imaging, and Electroluminescence 198
7.9 Conclusions . 200
References . 200
8 The Raman Response of Double Wall Carbon Nanotubes
F. Simon, R. Pfeiffer, C. Kramberger, M. Holzweber,
H. Kuzmany 203
8.1 Introduction . 203
8.2 Experimental 205
8.3 Results and Discussion . 206
8.3.1 Synthesis of Double-Wall Carbon Nanotubes 206
8.3.2 Energy Dispersive Raman Studies of DWCNTs 211
References . 222
Contents XVII
Part IV Transport and Electromechanical Applications
9 Carbon Nanotube Electronics and Optoelectronics
Ph. Avouris, M. Radosavljevi´c, S.J. Wind 227
9.1 Introduction . 227
9.2 Electronic Structure and Electrical Properties
of Carbon Nanotubes . 228
9.3 Potential and Realized Advantages of Carbon Nanotubes
in Electronics Applications 230
9.4 Fabrication and Performance
of Carbon Nanotube Field-Effect Transistors 231
9.5 Carbon Nanotube Transistor Operation in Terms
of a Schottky Barrier Model . 235
9.6 The Role of Nanotube Diameter and Gate Oxide Thickness . 237
9.7 Environmental Influences on the Performance of CNT-FETs . 239
9.8 Scaling of CNT-FETs 241
9.9 Prototype Carbon Nanotube Circuits . 242
9.10 Optoelectronic Properties of Carbon Nanotubes 244
9.11 Summary . 248
References . 249
10 Carbon Nanotube–Biomolecule Interactions:
Applications in Carbon Nanotube Separation and Biosensing
A. Jagota, B.A. Diner, S. Boussaad, M. Zheng . 253
10.1 Introduction . 253
10.2 DNA-Assisted Dispersion and Separation of Carbon Nanotubes 254
10.3 Separation of Carbon Nanotubes Dispersed
by Non-ionic Surfactant . 258
10.4 Structure and Electrostatics of the DNA/CNT Hybrid Material 262
10.4.1 Structure of the DNA/CNT Hybrid 262
10.4.2 Electrostatics of Elution of the DNA/CNT Hybrid . 264
10.5 Effects of Protein Adsorption on the Electronic Properties
of Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes 267
References . 270
11 Electrical and Mechanical Properties
of Nanotubes Determined Using In-situ TEM Probes
J. Cumings, A. Zettl 273
11.1 Introduction . 273
11.1.1 Carbon and BN Nanotubes . 273
11.1.2 TEM Nanomanipulation . 277
11.2 Studies of Carbon Nanotubes 278
11.2.1 Electrically-Induced Mechanical Failure
of Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes . 278
XVIII Contents
11.2.2 Peeling and Sharpening Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes 281
11.2.3 Telescoping Nanotubes:
Linear Bearings and Variable Resistors . 283
11.3 Studies of Boron Nitride Nanotubes 299
11.4 Electron Field Emission from BN Nanotubes 300
11.5 Electrical Breakdown and Conduction
of BN Nanotubes 302
References . 303
12 Nanomanipulator Measurements of the Mechanics
of Nanostructures and Nanocomposites
F.T. Fisher, D.A. Dikin, X. Chen, R.S. Ruoff 307
12.1 Introduction . 307
12.2 Nanomanipulators . 309
12.2.1 Initial Nanomanipulator Development 309
12.2.2 Recent Nanoscale Testing Stage Development . 311
12.3 Nanomanipulator-Based Mechanics Measurements 318
12.3.1 Tensile Loading of Nanostructures . 318
12.3.2 Induced Vibrational Resonance Methods . 328
12.4 Summary and Future Directions . 333
References . 335
Color Plates 339
Index . 345