6.1 Introduction 127 6.2 Fundamentals and the energy equation 127 6.3 Gas properties 129 6.4 Pipe flows, valves, throttles and flow restrictions 131 6.5 Turbomachinery and charge air coolers 134 6.6 The cylinder 137 6.7 Injection and combustion 139 6.8 Heal transfer and friction 141 6.9 Model results and engine performance 144 6.10 Transient modelling 145 6.11 Other engine components 146 6.11.1 Turbomachinery 146 6.11.2 Control valves 147 6.11.3 Indirect injection and other fuelling methods 147 6.11.4 Two-stroke engines 148 6.12 Energy equation, gas properties and combustion extensions 148 6.13 Gas dynamics 149 References 151 21761_06a