Thạc Sĩ The effect of environmental variables on amphibian species composition and abundance at three upper

LIST OF CONTENTS
List of tables . i
List of figures ii
Abstract . iv
Introduction .1
Chapter 1: OVERVIEW .3
1.1 Amphibian population and community structure 3
1.1.1 Habitat 3
1.1.2 Climatic features 4
1.1.3 Food resources and predations 5
1.1.4 Movement 6
1.2 Global amphibian declines 7
1.2.1 Habitat modification and destruction 8
1.2.2 Environment pollution .8
1.2.3 Disease .9
1.2.4 Climate change 9
1.3 Amphibian research in Vietnam 10
1.4 Methods in inventory and population monitoring in amphibians .11
1.4.1 Visual encounter surveys (VES) 11
1.4.2 Mark-recapture 12
1.4.3 Recording frog calls .12
1.5 Study area, Bidoup-Nui Ba National Park 13
1.6 Amphibian research in Bidoup-Nui Ba National Park 15
Chapter 2: RESEARCH ACTIVITIES AND METHODS 17
2.1 Plot censuses .17
2.2 Mark-recapture 18
2.3 Advertisement call recording and analysis .19
2.4 Species richness estimations .20
2.5 Statistic analysis 20
Chapter 3: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION .22
3.1 Long-term survey of amphibian community 22
3.1.1 Amphibian species composition and abundance .22
3.1.2 Trends in total abundance and species diversity over time .27
3.1.3 The abundance of each species over time .28
3.1.4 Species biology and behavior 32
3.1.5 Effects of environmental variables 42
3.1.6 Discussion 45
3.2 Mark-recapture of Leptobrachium pullum 48
3.2.1 Results 48
3.2.2 Discussion 51
3.3 The male advertisement call of Brachytarsophrys intermedia .53
3.3.1 Advertisement call description 53
3.3.2 Discussion 55
Chapter 4: CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 58
REFERENCES .60
Appendix .