Tiến Sĩ Study on the change of physical properties of soils butts - body in the central highlands area after

Luận án tiến sĩ năm 2013
Đề tài: STUDY ON THE CHANGE OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS BUTTS - BODY IN THE CENTRAL HIGHLANDS AREA AFTER PROLONGED FLOODING THAT AFFECTS THE STABILITY OF THE SLOPE NEXT TO THE MOTORWAY
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TABLE OF CONTENT
page
INTRODUCTION 1
1. Urgency of the topic 1
2. Purpose, object and scope of the study 2
3. Scientific meanings and realities of the topic 2
4. Methods of study 3
5. Structure of the thesis 3
CHAPTER 1: NATURAL CONDITIONS, ENGINEERING
GEOLOGICAL FEATURES IN THE CENTRAL HIGHLANDS AREA,
LANDSIDE OF SLOPES ALONG THE MOTORWAYS IN THE
CENTRAL HIGHLANDS
4
1.1. OVERVIEW OF NATURAL CONDITIONS OF THE STUDIED
AREA
4
1.1.1. Topographic and geomorphological features 4
1.1.2. Meteorological features 4
1.1.2.1. Characteristics of rivers and streams 4
1.1.2.2. Characteristics of rain 5
1.1.2.3. Characteristics of wind 5
1.1.3. Characteristics of weather and climate 5
1.2. ENGINEERING GEOLOGICAL FEATURES IN THE REGION 7
1.2.1. Characteristics of geological structure 8
1.2.2. Weathering crust in the Central Highlands 9
1.2.2.1. Weathering crust in intrusion rocks 9
1.2.2.2. Weathering crust in volcanic rocks 9
1.2.2.3. Weathering crust in metamorphic rocks 11
1.2.2.4. Weathering crust in sedimentary rocks 11
1.2.3. Physico-mechanical criteria, mineral and chemical components of
typical types of soils in natural conditions in the region
12
1.3. LANDSLIDE CONDITIONS ON ROUTES IN THE STUDIED
AREA
16
1.3.1. Common forms of landslides 17
1.3.1.1. Road sections passing almost vertical cliff foots 17
1.3.1.2. Những đoạn đi qua các chân đồi núi có vỏ phong hóa khác 18
1.3.2. Reasons causing landslides 20
1.3.2.1. Due to characteristics of soil mass 20
1.3.2.2. 2 Due to rugged terrain, high mountain, deep abyss, too steep
slope of positive talus
20
1.3.2.3. Due to harsh weather 21
1.3.2.4. Due to human impact 21
1.4. RESEARCHING RESULTS OF INTERNATIONAL AND LOCAL
SCIENTISTS ON STABILITY OF TALUS SLOPE, SIDE SLOPE
21
1.4.1. Some recommendations about classification of slope
displacements
22
1.4.1.1. Classifying according to D. J. Varnes 22
1.4.1.2. Classifying according to A. Nemcok, J. Pasek and J. Rybar 22
1.4.1.3. Classifying according to Ho Chat and Doan Minh Tam 23
1.4.1.4. Classifying according to the recommendation of Nguyen Ngoc Si 23
1.4.2. Methods of calculating stability of side slope sliding, slope sliding 24
1.4.3. Some solutions for prevention of slope sliding in the Central
Highlands
25
1.4.3.1. Some methods for prevention of landslides in case the actual
slope does not satisfy the requirements on sliding prevention
25
1.4.3.2. Some main methods for prevention of landslides applied on Ho
Chi Minh Trail and some traffic routes in the Central Highlands
26
1.5. CONCLUSION OF CHAPTER 1 29
CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL BASIS FOR CALCULATION OF
STABILITY OF SLOPES CLOSING TO MOTORWAYS IN THE
CENTRAL HIGHLANDS
30
2.1. FRACTURE FLAT SLIDING SURFACE 30
2.2. CIRCULAR CYLINDRICAL SLIDING SURFACE METHOD 31
2.3. CIRCULAR CYLINDRICAL SLIDING SURFACE WITH
CONSIDERATION OF SEEPAGE PRESSURE OR PORE WATER
PRESSURE
35
2.3.1. Weight pressure method of Tsugaev 35
2.3.2. Terzaghi method 36
2.3.3. 3 Method of А.A. Ничипорович 36
2.3.4. Bishop method 37
2.3.5. Software for calculation of stability 37
2.4. STABLE EQUILIBRIUM “F
P
” METHOD OF PROFESSOR Н.Н.
MACЛOB
38
2.5. COMMENTS 40
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH TEST ON VARIATION OF PHYSICOMECHANICAL PROPERTIES ACCORDING TO YEAR ROUND
WEATHER OF SOME TYPES OF RESIDUAL SOIL – DELUVIAL
SOIL WITH DIFFERENT SOURCES IN THE CENTRAL
HIGHLANDS
41
3.1. APPLICABLE TYPES OF SOILS AND RESEARCH SURVEY
METHODS
41
3.1.1. Selection of soil types for research 41
3.1.2. Survey method for research 42
3.1.3. Selection of shear test diagram 42
3.2. VARIATION OF NATURAL DENSITY (
W
) AND SHEARING
PARAMETERS (, C) OF RESIDUAL – DELUVIAL SOILS ON
ANCIENT BASALT
44
3.3. NATURAL DENSITY (
W
) AND SHEARING PARAMETERS (,
C) OF RESIDUAL – DELUVIAL SOILS ON GRANITE INTRUSION
ROCKS
52
3.4. VARIATION OF NATURAL DENSITY (
W
) AND SHEARING
PARAMETERS (, C) OF RESIDUAL – DELUVIAL SOILS IN
TERRIGENOUS SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
60
3.5. VARIATION OF NATURAL DENSITY (
W
) AND SHEARING
PARAMETERS (, C) OF RESIDUAL-DELUVIAL SOILS ON
METAMORPHIC ROCKS
68
3.6. SOME COMMENTS ON VARIATION OF THE VALUES W, 
w
,
, C OF FOUR TYPES OF SOILS USED IN TESTING
76
3.7. SWELLING AND DISINTEGRATION CHARACTERISTICS OF
SOIL GROUPS USED IN RESEARCH
3.7.1 Characteristics used for evaluation of swelling soils and
classification of swelling soil types
3.7.1.1 Swelling degree
79
79
79
3.7.1.2. Swelling pressure 80
3.7.1.3. Swelling humidity (W
N
) 80
3.7.1.4. Other recommendations on classification of swelling soil types 80
3.7.2. 3.7.2 Swelling characteristics of some soil samples with natural
structure belonging to different sources in the Central Highlands
80
3.7.3. Disintegration characteristics of the studied soil groups 81
3.8. SOME COMMENTS DRAWN FROM CHAPTER 3 83
CHAPTER IV: DETERMINATION OF LIMIT HEIGHT (h) OF SIDE
SLOPE WITH DIFFERENT GRADES (1:m) UNDER THE
VARIATION OF HUMIDITY (W) OF SOILS IN THE CENTRAL
HIGHLANDS
84
4.1. Comparison and selection of an appropriate method for calculation
of stability of the slopes closing to the motorways
84
4.1.1. Calculation of stability of slope structured by residual-deluvial
soils in ancient basalt rocks
85
4.1.2. Calculation of stability of slope structured by residual - deluvial
soils in Granite intrusion rocks
86
4.1.3. Calculation of stability of slope structured by residual - deluvial
soils in terrigenous sedimentary rocks
86
4.1.4. Calculation of stability of slope structured by residual - deluvial
soils in metamorphic rocks
87
4.1.5. Comments on and selection of method for calculation of slope
stability:
88
4.2. CALCULATION FOR DETERMINATION OF LIMIT HEIGHT
(h) CORRELATIVE TO SAFETY COEFFICIENT K, ACCORDING
TO GRADE (1:m) OF SLOPE ON SOME WEATHERING CRUSTS IN
THE CENTRAL HIGHLANDS WITH VARIABLE HUMIDITY (W)
90
4.2.1. Calculation method 90
4.2.2. Selection of anti-sliding safety coefficient K 90
4.2.3. Physico-mechanical characteristics used in calculation 91
4.2.4. Calculation results 92
4.2.5. Calculation and check of stable safety coefficient of some slopes
according to Bishop circular arc method
97
4.2.6 Sliding process on actual slopes 98
4. 3. CONCLUSION DRAWN FROM CHAPTER 4
GENERAL CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
99
101
I. CONCLUSION KẾT LUẬN 101
II. RECOMMENDATIONS 102


INTRODUCTION
1. Urgency of the topic
Vietnam’s Central Highlands is the Southwest mountainous area of the country,
including the provinces: Lam Dong, Dak Nong, Dak Lak, Gia Lai, KonTum.
The Central Highlands is a land with enormous potentialsfor development, has
a key strategic location for politics, economy, culture and national defense of the
whole country. The industrialization - modernization of the country in general and
of the Central Highlands in particular requires construction of more roads through
the provinces, such as:
- National Highway no.14 running from KonTum to Gia Lai, Dak Lak, Dak
Nong, Binh Phuoc to Ho Chi Minh City.
- National Highway no. 24 connecting KonTum with Ba To (Quang Ngai
Province).
- National Highway no. 25connecting from Pleiku (Gia Lai) to Tuy Hoa
(Phu Yen Province).
- National Highway no. 26 connecting Dak Lak (Buon Me Thuot Province)
with Nha Trang City (Khanh Hoa Province).
- National Highway no. 27 connecting Dalat City (Lam DongProvince) with
DakLak (Buon Me Thuot Province).
- National Highway no.28 connecting Dalat (LamDong Province) with
DakNong.
- National Highway no.19 connecting Pleiku (GiaLai Province) with
QuyNhon City.
- National Highway no. 40 connecting with Xayden-Antoum (Laos) Po Y
Border gate with the National Highway no.14.
- Especially, the Ho Chi Minh Trail passing the provinces in the Central
Highlands, this is a key route which not only bears the strategic meaning in the
cause of industrialization – modernization, socio-economic development and
assurance of national security for the Central area and the Central Highlands but
also is historic route, associated withthe liberation of the country (Truong Son
road).
- Moreover, many routes connecting townships with districts and remote
areas where many ethnic people are living, there are a lot of traffic routes serving
the construction of hydraulic works, hydroelectric power plants and tourist
operation in the Central Highlands provinces. The motorways running along hill
foots or high mountainous passes are formedby various types of soils with different
originations.
-2-
In the rainy season, after long periods of heavy rains, it often occurs the
creep of earth mounds on roadside, causing traffic jams and requiring long period
and cost for remedy.
One of the reason causing the above mentioned incident is mainly due to
long periods of rain resulting in the variation of durability of roadside earth mass,
causing large displacement leading to landslide. Therefore, the selected topic is:
STUDY ON THE CHANGE OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS BUTTS -
BODY IN THE CENTRAL HIGHLANDS AREA AFTER PROLONGED
FLOODING THAT AFFECTS THE STABILITY OF THE SLOPE NEXT TO
THE MOTORWAY.
2. Purpose, object and scope of the study
Purpose of the study: Study on variation features of durability of residual soil
– deluvial deposit in the Central Highlands in dry condition (in dry season) and in
water absorption saturation condition (in rainy season); those are the basics for
evaluation of the stability of roadside hill soil and provision of necessary data for
reference of the readers in case of building traffic routes in the Central Highlands.
- Object of the study: The variation of physico-mechanical properties of
residual soil – deluvial soil mainly found in the Central Highlands relates to the
stability of earth slope. The stability of the slopes closing to the traffic roads is also
affected by vehicles on the roads. Within the scope of this thesis, only the reduction
of durability of soil due to long periods of rain affecting the factor of stability safety
of the slope is studied without taking intoconsideration of the impact of vibration
caused by the vehicles on the roads.
3. Scientific meanings and realities of the topic
a) Testing research determines variation features of natural density
(Wand shearing parameters (, C) according to humidity (W) from the dry
season to the rainy season of four types of residual soil – deluvial soil commonly
found in the Central Highlands. They are types of residual soil – deluvial soil
belonging to weathering crust in Basalt rocks, Granite intrusion rocks, terrigenous
sedimentary rocks and metamorphic rocks.
b) Calculate, compare and identify stability factor against sliding for the
same slope calculated by Bishop circular method (via Geo software - Slope
International Ltd. Canada) and by enhanced circular method of M.Н. Голbдштейн
and Г.Ц. Тер-cтепанянgiving approximately same values. The research student has
selected the enhanced circular method of M.N.Gônxtên to calculate the limited
elevation of the slope (h) according to the falling gradient(1:m) of the slope basing
on an estimated stability factor K.
-3-
c) Using the data studied in item a, apply the calculation method in item b,
with the safety factor according to regulated safety factor of k=1.40, the research
student has calculated the limited elevation (h) according to the falling gradient
(1:m) and different humidity (W) of soil in the slope for four types of residual soil –
deluvial soil studied in the Central Highlands.
d) The study results provide necessary data for the reference of the readers in
designing or reviewing the stability of actual slopes with various elevations (h) and
the falling gradients (1:m) according to the dry and rainy seasons of four types of
soils commonly found in the Central Highlands.
4. Methods of study
- Study theories relating to the calculation of the stability of the slope and the
testing method identifying physico-mechanical characteristics of soil.
- Experimental study: Selectsurvey locations for different types of soil in dry
and rainy seasons in many years, perform taking samples of undistributed soil for
testing to identify the physico-mechanical characteristics of soil in different seasons.
In addition, collect factual data for supplement.
- Report the studying results on scientific and seminar magazines; liaise with
various Surveyors, Designers and Contractors in the Central Highlands for
obtaining facts; discuss with the management agencies, such as the Department of
Science and Technology, Department of Transport, Department of Environment and
Natural Resources, Department of Agriculture and Rural Development in the
Central Highlands provinces toidentify requirements to bestudied as well as actual
experience of the local.
5. Structure of the thesis
The thesis comprises 2 sections: Explanation and Appendices.
The Explanation section includes 103 pages; beside the introduction, the
thesis comprises 04 chapters and the conclusion at the end of the thesis. At the end
of the explanation section, there are 5 pages listing the reference documents oflocal
and international authors and 1 page listingthe articles of the research student
relating to the contents of the thesis.
Appendices: 28 pages, including:
Appendix to Chapter III: 17 pages
Appendix to Chapter IV: 11 pages
-4-
CHAPTER I
NATURAL CONDITIONS, ENGINEERING GEOLOGICAL FEATURES IN
THE CENTRAL HIGHLANDS AREA, LANDSIDE OF SLOPES ALONG
THE MOTORWAYS IN THE CENTRAL HIGHLANDS
1.1 OVERVIEW OF NATURAL CONDITIONS OF THE STUDIED AREA
1.1.1 Topographic and geomorphological features
The studied area comprises the provinces KonTum, Gia Lai, DakLak, Lam
Dong, a part of Quang Nam Province, Binh Phuoc and is mainly distributed at the
West of Truong Son. The topographycomprises the following types [9]:
- Block mountains (Ngoc Linh, Mon Ray, Kon Ka Kinh, Dong Con Cho Ro,
Chu Yang Sin, Dong Don Duong, Tay Bao Lam, Nam Di Linh, etc.).
- Binh Son Nguyen erosion (Chu Pong – Chu Gau Ngo,Chu Ro Rang,
Xnaro, Dalat, etc.).
- Plateau basalts (Kon Ha Nung, Pleiku, Buon Ma Thuot, Dak Rlap, Bao
Loc, Dinh Van).
- Accumulated denudation valleys (Po Ko, KonTum, Dak To, Song Ba,
Krong Ana, ect.).
1.1.2 Meteorological features
1.1.2.1 Characteristics of rivers and streams:
The studied area gets the crest line ofTruong Son Range as the datum line,
dividing the area into two main basins, i.e. the basin of rivers flowing into the East
sea, including the rivers Ba, Da Rang, Dong Nai, Be, Saigon, Vam Co, etc.
And the basin of rivers flowing into the Mekong River (in the West),
including the rivers SeRePok, PoCo, Se San, etc.
Basic characteristics of river and streamsystem in the region are short,
narrow, falling and there are many water falls. Rivers and streams in this region
commonly have 3 sections withspecific characteristics, i.e. a section crossing hills
and mountains, a section crossing the highlands and the other crossing the plains.
In reality, the section crossing the hills and mountains has very little of
sediment. Only when flowing into the highlands, the plains or the valleys, can the
rivers expand and create large but not thick sediment.
1.1.2.2 Characteristics of rain:
Rainy season in the Central Highlands often lasts from May to October, the
rainfall during this period occupies about 75% of the annual rainfall. The average
annual rainfall in the regionis about 1200mm to 3000mm.


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Technology.
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