Contents 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Pistons 14.2.1 Introduction 14.2.2 Piston loading 14.2.3 Piston design 14.2.4 Piston types 14.2.5 Gudgeon pins 14.2.6 Piston design analysis 14.3 Rings 14.3.1 Introduction 14.3.2 Ring design 14.3.3 Ring types 14.3.4 Ring packs 14.3.5 Ring materials 14.3.6 Ring coatings 14.3.7 Oil consumption and blow-by 14.3.8 Scuffing 14.3.9 Ring research 14.4 Liners 14.4.1 Introduction 14.4.2 Dry liners 14.4.3 Wet liners 14.4.4 Liner shape and surface finish 14.4.5 Material 14.4.6 Bore polish References 21761_14