Tài liệu MIPS Assembly Language Programming

1 Data Representation 1
1.1 Representing Integers . 1
1.1.1 Unsigned Binary Numbers 1
1.1.1.1 Conversion of Binary to Decimal . 2
1.1.1.2 Conversion of Decimal to Binary . 4
1.1.1.3 Addition of Unsigned Binary Numbers 4
1.1.2 Signed Binary Numbers . 6
1.1.2.1 Addition and Subtraction of Signed Binary Numbers 8
1.1.2.2 Shifting Signed Binary Numbers . 9
1.1.2.3 Hexadecimal Notation . 9
1.2 Representing Characters . 10
1.3 Representing Programs 11
1.4 Memory Organization 12
1.4.1 Units of Memory . 13
1.4.1.1 Historical Perspective . 13
1.4.2 Addresses and Pointers 13
1.4.3 Summary . 14
1.5 Exercises 15
1.5.1 . 15
1.5.2 . 15
1.5.3 . 15
2 MIPS Tutorial 17
2.1 What is Assembly Language? 17
2.2 Getting Started: add.asm 18
2.2.1 Commenting 18
2.2.2 Finding the Right Instructions 19
2.2.3 Completing the Program . 20
2.2.3.1 Labels and main 20
2.2.3.2 Syscalls . 22
2.3 Using SPIM 23
2.4 Using syscall: add2.asm 24
2.4.1 Reading and Printing Integers 25
2.5 Strings: the hello Program . 26
2.6 Conditional Execution: the larger Program 28
2.7 Looping: the multiples Program 31
2.8 Loads: the palindrome.asm Program 33
2.9 The atoi Program 36
2.9.1 atoi-1 . 36
2.9.2 atoi-2 . 38
2.9.3 atoi-3 . 39
2.9.4 atoi-4 . 39
2.10 Exercises 42
2.10.1 . 42
2.10.2 . 42
2.10.3 . 42
3 Advanced MIPS Tutorial 43
3.1 Function Environments and Linkage . 43
3.1.1 Computing Fibonacci Numbers . 45
3.1.1.1 Using Saved Registers: fib-s.asm 45
3.1.1.2 Using Temporary Registers: fib-t.asm . 47
3.1.1.3 Optimization: fib-o.asm . 48
3.2 Structures and sbrk: the treesort Program 50
3.2.1 Representing Structures . 51
3.2.2 The sbrk syscall . 52
3.3 Exercises 53
3.3.1 . 53
3.3.2 . 53
3.3.3 . 53
3.3.4 . 53
3.3.5 . 54
4 The MIPS R2000 Instruction Set 55
4.1 A Brief History of RISC . 55
4.2 MIPS Instruction Set Overview . 56
4.3 The MIPS Register Set 57
4.4 The MIPS Instruction Set 57
4.4.1 Arithmetic Instructions 59
4.4.2 Comparison Instructions . 60
4.4.3 Branch and Jump Instructions 60
4.4.3.1 Branch . 60
4.4.3.2 Jump 61
4.4.4 Load, Store, and Data Movement 61
4.4.4.1 Load . 61
4.4.4.2 Store . 62
4.4.4.3 Data Movement . 63
4.4.5 Exception Handling 63
4.5 The SPIM Assembler . 64
4.5.1 Segment and Linker Directives 64
4.5.2 Data Directives 65
4.6 The SPIM Environment . 65
4.6.1 SPIM syscalls . 65
4.7 The Native MIPS Instruction Set 65
4.8 Exercises 67
4.8.1 . 67
5 MIPS Assembly Code Examples 69
5.1 add2.asm . 70
5.2 hello.asm . 71
5.3 multiples.asm 72
5.4 palindrome.asm . 74
5.5 atoi-1.asm 76
5.6 atoi-4.asm 78
5.7 printf.asm 80
5.8 fib-o.asm . 84
5.9 treesort.asm . 86