Sách Longman essay activator

Longman essay activator (115 pages)

Table of Contents
Introduction 5
Advantages & Disadvantages .6
1. Writing about advantages 6
2. Writing about disadvantages .7
Agreeing .9
1. To agree with someone or something 9
2. To partly agree with someone or something 10
3. When a group of people agree 10
Aim or Purpose .12
1. Ways of saying what the aim or purpose of something is .12
2. Words meaning aim or purpose .13
Approximate / Exact .15
1. Words meaning approximately 15
2. Words meaning exactly .16
Causes 18
1. To cause something to happen 18
2. Ways of saying that something is caused by another thing 20
3. To be one of the things that cause something to happen .20
Certainty & Uncertainty 23
1. Ways of saying that you are certain about something 23
2. Ways of saying that you are not certain about something 24
Comparing & Contrasting 26
1. What you say when comparing things or people 26
2. To compare things or people .27
Concluding .29
1. What you say when concluding your essay or argument .29
2. Saying again what your aims were at the conclusion of an essay 30
Decreasing 31
1. To decrease 31
2. To make something decrease .32
3. A decrease 34
4. When something stops decreasing 35
Disagreeing .36
1. To disagree with someone or with an opinion 36
2. When people disagree about something 37
3. Causing disagreement .37
Effects .39
1. Words meaning effect 39
2. To affect something or someone .40
Emphasizing .42
1. What you say when emphasizing that something is important .42
2. Ways of emphasizing one person or thing more than others .43
3. To emphasize something .44
Explaining .45
1. What you say when you are explaining something 45
2. Words meaning to explain something 46
Giving Example 48
1. What you say when giving an example 48
2. What you say when there are a lot of other examples of something 49
3. To give something or someone as an example 50
Giving Exceptions 51
1. Ways of saying that something or someone is an exception 51
2. Someone or something that is not included .52
Giving Opinions 53
1. What you say when giving your opinion about something 53
2. Ways of saying what another person’s opinion is 54
3. To say what your opinion is about something 55
Giving Reasons 56
1. What you say when giving reasons for something .56
2. Words meaning reason .57
3. A reason that does not seem believable 59
Increasing .60
1. To increase 60
2. To make something increase .61
3. An increase .63
4. When something does not increase, or stops increasing .65
Linking Parts Of A Sentence .66
1. Words meaning 'and' or 'also' 66
2. Words meaning 'because' 67
3. Words meaning 'but' or 'although' 69
4. Words meaning 'if' .71
5. Words meaning 'in order to' .72
6. Words meaning 'or' 73
7. Words meaning 'therefore' .74
Listing & Ordering 77
1. What you say when ordering a group of things that you want to mention .77
2. Ways of introducing a list of reasons, causes, points etc .79
4
Making Generalizations .81
1 .Ways of saying that something is true about most people or things .81
2. To say that something is true about most people or things 83
Problems & Solutions 84
1. Problems .84
2. Small problems 86
3. Solutions .87
Quoting People .90
Ways of quoting what someone has said .90
Reffering .92
1. Referring to an earlier part of an essay, report etc .92
2. Referring to a later part of an essay, report etc 93
3. Referring to another piece of work .94
Related / Unrelated .97
1. Ways of saying that two things are related 97
2. Related to what is being discussed 99
3. Not related .99
4. Not related to what you are discussing 100
Showing & Proving 102
1. To show that something is true 102
2. To show that something is likely 104
3. To show that something is untrue 105
Study & Research .106
1. To study something in order to try to find out more about it .106
2. The work of studying something 107
3. A piece of writing by someone who is studying a subject .109
4. The results of someone's research 110
Subjects & Topics 111
1. Ways of saying what the subject of something is .111
2. Words meaning subject .112
5
Introduction
The Essay Activator has been created to help you improve your written English. By
varying the range of vocabulary and expressions that you use, your essays will become
richer and your grades will improve.
You can see from the menu on the left-hand side of your screen that there are 28 Essay
Activators. Each of these contains all the important words and phrases that can be
used to perform a particular function in your essay, for example showing that you agree
with an idea (Agreeing); explaining how something has increased (Increasing) or
saying what other people think (Quoting People). The language covered by the Essay
Activator is not related to any particular subject area. For subject-related vocabulary you
should look at the Topic Activator.
Each Essay Activator is divided into sections. Look, for example, at the Essay
Activator on Giving Examples. This is divided into 3 sections: what you say when
giving an example; what you say when there are a lot of other examples of something; to
give someone or something as an example. If you want to give some examples in your
essay, look at Section 1 and you will find a variety of words and phrases to avoid
repeating for example every time: for instance, be a case in point, by way of
illustration etc. If there are a lot of examples you could mention, look at Section 2 for
ways of dealing with this: such as, including, to name but a few etc.
Each word or phrase is followed by an explanation of the meaning and/or use and is
illustrated with example sentences. These examples can be used as models for you to
produce your own natural-sounding sentences.
In each of the Essay Activators you will also find Study Notes about grammar and
formality. For example, in Section 2 of Giving Examples there is a Study Note at such
as to explain that there is not usually a comma before this phrase, whereas there is
usually one before for example and including.
Look at the Exercises section of the Writing Handbook for activities which will help you
to practise using the vocabulary included in the Essay Activators.