Tài liệu Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume III – Semiconductors

Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume III – Semiconductors By Tony R. Kuphaldt

Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume III –
Semiconductors
By Tony R. Kuphaldt
Fifth Edition, last update July 02, 2007


Contents
1 AMPLIFIERS AND ACTIVE DEVICES 1
1.1 From electric to electronic 1
1.2 Active versus passive devices 3
1.3 Ampliers . 3
1.4 Amplier gain . 6
1.5 Decibels 8
1.6 Absolute dB scales 14
1.7 Attenuators 16
2 SOLID-STATE DEVICE THEORY 27
2.1 Introduction 27
2.2 Quantum physics . 28
2.3 Valence and Crystal structure . 41
2.4 Band theory of solids . 47
2.5 Electrons and “holes” . 50
2.6 The P-N junction . 55
2.7 Junction diodes 58
2.8 Bipolar junction transistors . 60
2.9 Junction eld-effect transistors . 65
2.10 Insulated-gate eld-effect transistors (MOSFET) 70
2.11 Thyristors . 73
2.12 Semiconductor manufacturing techniques 75
2.13 Superconducting devices . 80
2.14 Quantum devices . 83
2.15 Semiconductor devices in SPICE 91
Bibliography . 93
3 DIODES AND RECTIFIERS 97
3.1 Introduction 98
3.2 Meter check of a diode 104
3.3 Diode ratings . 107
3.4 Rectier circuits . 109
3.5 Peak detector . 115
3.6 Clipper circuits 117
3.7 Clamper circuits . 121
3.8 Voltage multipliers 123
3.9 Inductor commutating circuits . 130
3.10 Diode switching circuits . 132
3.11 Zener diodes 134
3.12 Special-purpose diodes 143
3.13 Other diode technologies . 163
3.14 SPICE models . 164
Bibliography . 172
4 BIPOLAR JUNCTION TRANSISTORS 175
4.1 Introduction 175
4.2 The transistor as a switch 178
4.3 Meter check of a transistor . 182
4.4 Active mode operation 187
4.5 The common-emitter amplier . 195
4.6 The common-collector amplier . 210
4.7 The common-base amplier . 218
4.8 Biasing techniques 224
4.9 Input and output coupling 238
4.10 Feedback 244
4.11 Amplier impedances 251
4.12 Current mirrors 252
4.13 Transistor ratings and packages 255
4.14 BJT quirks . 257
5 JUNCTION FIELD-EFFECT TRANSISTORS 259
5.1 Introduction 259
5.2 The transistor as a switch 261
5.3 Meter check of a transistor . 264
5.4 Active-mode operation 266
5.5 The common-source amplier – PENDING 275
5.6 The common-drain amplier – PENDING 276
5.7 The common-gate amplier – PENDING . 276
5.8 Biasing techniques – PENDING 276
5.9 Transistor ratings and packages – PENDING 277
5.10 JFET quirks – PENDING 277
6 INSULATED-GATE FIELD-EFFECT TRANSISTORS 279
6.1 Introduction 279
6.2 Depletion-type IGFETs . 280
6.3 Enhancement-type IGFETs – PENDING . 289
6.4 Active-mode operation – PENDING 289
6.5 The common-source amplier – PENDING 290
6.6 The common-drain amplier – PENDING 290
6.7 The common-gate amplier – PENDING . 290
6.8 Biasing techniques – PENDING 290
6.9 Transistor ratings and packages – PENDING 290
6.10 IGFET quirks – PENDING . 291
6.11 MESFETs – PENDING . 291
6.12 IGBTs . 291
7 THYRISTORS 295
7.1 Hysteresis . 295
7.2 Gas discharge tubes . 296
7.3 The Shockley Diode 300
7.4 The DIAC . 306
7.5 The Silicon-Controlled Rectier (SCR) . 307
7.6 The TRIAC 319
7.7 Optothyristors . 321
7.8 The Unijunction Transistor (UJT) – PENDING . 322
7.9 The Silicon-Controlled Switch (SCS) 322
7.10 Field-effect-controlled thyristors 324
Bibliography . 326
8 OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS 327
8.1 Introduction 327
8.2 Single-ended and differential ampliers 328
8.3 The ”operational” amplier . 332
8.4 Negative feedback 338
8.5 Divided feedback . 341
8.6 An analogy for divided feedback 344
8.7 Voltage-to-current signal conversion 350
8.8 Averager and summer circuits . 352
8.9 Building a differential amplier 354
8.10 The instrumentation amplier . 356
8.11 Differentiator and integrator circuits . 357
8.12 Positive feedback . 360
8.13 Practical considerations . 364
8.14 Operational amplier models 380
8.15 Data 385
9 PRACTICAL ANALOG SEMICONDUCTOR CIRCUITS 387
9.1 ElectroStatic Discharge . 387
9.2 Power supply circuits – INCOMPLETE 392
9.3 Amplier circuits – PENDING . 394
9.4 Oscillator circuits – INCOMPLETE 395
9.5 Phase-locked loops – PENDING 396
9.6 Radio circuits – INCOMPLETE . 396
9.7 Computational circuits 402
9.8 Measurement circuits – INCOMPLETE 423
9.9 Control circuits – PENDING 424
Bibliography . 424
10 ACTIVE FILTERS 425
11 DC MOTOR DRIVES 427
12 INVERTERS AND AC MOTOR DRIVES 429
13 ELECTRON TUBES 431
13.1 Introduction 431
13.2 Early tube history 432
13.3 The triode . 435
13.4 The tetrode 437
13.5 Beam power tubes 438
13.6 The pentode 440
13.7 Combination tubes 440
13.8 Tube parameters . 443
13.9 Ionization (gas-lled) tubes . 445
13.10Display tubes . 449
13.11Microwave tubes . 452
13.12Tubes versus Semiconductors 455
A-1 ABOUT THIS BOOK 459
A-2 CONTRIBUTOR LIST 463
A-3 DESIGN SCIENCE LICENSE 467
INDEX 471





This third volume of the book series Lessons In Electric Circuits makes a departure from the former two in that the transition between electric circuits and electronic circuits is formally crossed. Electric circuits are connections of conductive wires and other devices whereby the uniform ow of electrons occurs. Electronic circuits add a new .