Sách Introduction to cancer biology

Contents

1. How cancer arises

1.1 Defi ning cancer

1.2 Cancer is clonal in origin

1.3 Insights into cancer

1.4 Causes of cancer (Aetiology of cancer)

1.4.1 Lifestyle and Environment

1.4.2 Age

1.5 Identifi cation and histopathology of cancers

1.6 The 6 hallmarks of cancer

2. Immortality: Continuous cell division

3. Sustained growth signals (oncogenes*)

4. Bypass anti-growth signals (tumour suppressor genes*)

5. Avoidance of cell death (apoptosis)

5.1 When does apoptosis occur?

5.2 What triggers apoptosis?

5.3 How does apoptosis occur?

6. Ensuring blood vessel growth (angiogenesis)

7. Spread to other sites (metastasis)

7.1. What are the stages of metastasis?

7.2. Key molecules involved in metastasis

8. Summary