Contents Chapter 1 Analytical examples of food additives Acidulants 2 Antioxidants . 4 Preservatives . 6 Artificial sweeteners . 8 Colorants 10 Flavors 12 Vanillin . 12 Bitter compounds: hesperidin and naringenin . 14 Chapter 2 Analytical examples of residues and contaminants Residues of chemotherapeutics and antiparasitic drugs 16 Tetracyclines 18 Fumonisins 19 Mycotoxins 21 Bisphenol A diglydidyl-ether (BADGE) 24 Pesticides . 26 Carbamates . 28 Glyphosate 29 Chapter 3 Analytical examples of natural components Inorganic anions 32 Lipids . 35 Triglycerides and hydroperoxides in oils . 35 Triglycerides in olive oil . 37 Fatty acids . 38 Carbohydrates . 40 Vitamins . 42 Water-soluble vitamins 42 Fat-soluble vitamins 45 Analysis of tocopherols on normal-phase column 46 Biogenic amines 48 Amino acids 50 Peptides . 52 Chapter 4 Separation in the liquid phase Separation mechanisms 58 Reversed-phase materials 58 Ion-exchange materials 58 Size-exclusion gels . 59 Adsorption media 59 The advent of narrow-bore columns 59 Influence of column temperature on separation . 60 Chapter 5 Sample preparation Sample preparation steps . 62 Automation 62 Solids . 63 Ultrasonic bath liquid extraction 63 Steam distillation . 64 Supercritical fluid extraction . 64 Liquids 65 Liquid-liquid extraction . 65 Solid-phase extraction . 65 Gel permeation chromatography . 66 Guard columns 67 Chapter 6 Injection techniques Characteristics of a good sample introduction device . 70 Manual injectors 71 Automated injectors . 72 Autosampler with sample pretreatment capabilities 72 Derivatization 73 Chapter 7 Mobile phase pumps and degassers Characteristics of a modern HPLC pump 76 Flow ranges . 76 Gradient elution 76 Gradient formation at high pressure . 77 Gradient formation at low pressure . 77 Part Two Equipment Basics Pump designs for gradient operation . 78 Low-pressure gradient Agilent 1100 Series pump 78 High-pressure gradient Agilent 1100 Series pump 80 Degassing 82 Helium degassing 83 Vacuum degassing . 84 Chapter 8 Detectors Analytical parameters 87 Limit of detection and limit of quantification . 87 Selectivity . 87 Linearity 88 Qualitative information 88 UV detectors . 89 Diode array detectors . 90 Three dimensions of data 91 Fluorescence detectors 95 Cut-off filter . 96 Signal/spectral mode 96 Online spectral measurements and multi signal acquisition 96 Multisignal 97 Electrochemical detectors 98 Electrode materials . 99 Flow cell aspects . 99 Automation features . 100 Mass spectrometers . 101 API interfaces 102 Refractive index detectors . 104
