Sách Grammar for Teachers: A Guide to American English for Native and Non-Native Speakers

Title: Grammar for Teachers: A Guide to American English for Native and Non-Native Speakers

Author(s): Andrea DeCapua

Publisher: Springer

ISBN: 9780387763316

Date: 2008

Pages: 461

Size: 1.39 Mb

Format: PDF

Quality: High

Language: American English

Contents:

The purpose of Grammar for Teachers is to encourage readers to develop a solid understanding of the use and function of grammatical structures in American English. It approaches grammar from a descriptive rather than a prescriptive approach; however, throughout Grammar for Teachers differences between formal and informal language, and spoken and written English are discussed. Grammar for Teachers avoids jargon or excessive use of technical terminology and reviews essential grammar structures clearly and concisely.

The text encourages users to tap into their own, often subconscious, knowledge of the grammar of English and to make it a conscious knowledge they can apply to their own varied teaching settings. Grammar for Teachers emphasizes looking at grammar from the perspective of learners of English, an approach that allows teachers to better appreciate the language difficulties learners of English face in ESL or mainstream classrooms. Discussions of areas of difficulties for learners of English are included throughout the text.


Grammar for Teachers makes the study of grammar interesting and relevant by presenting grammar in context and by using authentic material from a wide variety of sources, including magazines, newspapers, children's books, bestsellers, works of literature, and academic prose.


In each chapter, the numerous Discovery Activities engage users in exploring the different elements of grammar and in considering how these elements work together to form meaningful units. The subsequent discussion of each Discovery Activity allows users to explore specific elements of grammar on their own.


At the end of each chapter, additional Practice Activities ask users to apply the grammar concepts presented in each chapter. Included in the Practice Activities are samples of relevant learner errors and error analysis exercises.

Contents

1 What is Grammar? 1

Introduction . 1

Grammar as a Set of Rules 1

Discovery Activity 1 2

Language and Change 4

Discovery Activity 2 5

Linguists and Grammar . 6

Language is Rule-Governed . 7

Discovery Activity 3 8

Language as a Set of Rules versus Language as Rule-Governed . 9

Prescriptive versus Descriptive Grammar 10

Prescriptive Grammar 10

Descriptive Grammar . 13

Discovery Activity 4 14

Discovery Activity 5 14

Summary . 15

Practice Activities 16

Answer Key: Chapter 1 Discovery Activities . 18

2 Morphology 21

Introduction . 21

Section 1: Word Classes 21

Discovery Activity 1 22

Context and Function . 23

Word Plays and Context: An Additional Illustration . 24

Discovery Activity 2 24

Discovery Activity 3 25

Parts of Speech or Lexical Categories . 27

Open Word Classes 27

Discovery Activity 4 28

Closed Word Classes . 29

Discovery Activity 5 30

ix

x

Contents

Overview: Major Parts of Speech . 31

Nouns . 31

Adjectives 32

Verbs 33

Adverbs 33

Section 2: Morphology . 34

Discovery Activity 6 35

Bound and Free Morphemes . 35

Derivational and Inflectional Morphemes 36

Derivational Morphemes 37

Inflectional Morphemes . 38

Redundancy in Language . 39

Discovery Activity 7 39

Summary . 41

Practice Activities 43

3 The Noun Phrase 45

Introduction . 45

Section 1: Identifying Nouns . 45

Context and Function . 45

Semantic Clues 46

Structural Clues . 47

Derivational Clues . 48

Morphological Clues . 48

Section 2: Different Types of Nouns 50

Count and Noncount Nouns . 50

Discovery Activity 1 51

Discovery Activity 2 52

Discovery Activity 3 53

Crossover Nouns 55

Discovery Activity 4 56

Section 3: Structure Words that Signal Nouns . 57

Discovery Activity 5 58

Discovery Activity 6 59

Demonstratives 61

Discovery Activity 7 62

Discovery Activity 8 63

Quantifiers 64

Discovery Activity 9 65

Discovery Activity 10 . 66

Section 4: Pronouns 67

Discovery Activity 11 . 67

Types of Pronouns by Function . 68

Subject Pronouns 68

Object Pronouns . 69

Possessive Pronouns and Possessive Adjectives . 70

Contents

xi

Discovery Activity 12 . 71

Reflexive Pronouns 73

Indefinite Pronouns 74

Summary . 75

Practice Activities 77

Answer Key: Chapter 3 Discovery Activities . 81

4 Adjectives and Adverbs 83

Introduction . 83

Section 1: Adjectives . 83

Identification of Adjectives 83

Semantic Clues 84

Discovery Activity 1 84

Morphological Clues . 85

Derivational 85

Discovery Activity 2 85

Inflectional . 87

Discovery Activity 3 90

Structural Clues . 91

Discovery Activity 4 92

Discover Activity 5: Identifying Adjectives 93

Order of Adjectives 94

Adjective Types . 95

Discovery Activity 6 96

Special Types of Adjectives 97

Nouns Functioning as Adjectives . 97

Discovery Activity 7 97

Participial Adjectives . 98

Discovery Activity 8 100

Section 2: Adverbs . 102

Discovery Activity 9 104

Different Subclasses of Adverbs 105

Frequency Adverbs 105

Discovery Activity 10 . 106

Time and Place Adverbs 106

The “Other” Adverbs . 107

Discovery Activity 11 . 108

Discovery Activity 12 . 109

Summary . 111

Practice Activities 112

Answer Key: Chapter 4 Discovery Activities . 118

5 Introduction to Verbs and Verb Phrases 121

Introduction . 121

Section 1: Identifying Verbs . 121

Semantic Clues 121

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Contents

Morphological Clues . 122

Derivational 122

Inflectional . 122

Structural Clues . 123

Section 2: Main Verbs versus Auxiliary Verbs 124

Discovery Activity 1 124

The Primary Auxiliary Verbs Have, Be, Do . 125

Discovery Activity 2 125

Discovery Activity 3 127

Do as a Verb Helper . 128

Discovery Activity 4 130

Section 3: Transitive and Intransitive Verbs . 133

Transitive Verbs . 133

Intransitive Verbs 134

Discovery Activity 5 134

Di-transitive Verbs . 136

Discovery Activity 6 138

Discovery Activity 7 138

Intransitive Verbs and Complements 139

Discovery Activity 8 140

Verbs that are Both Transitive and Intransitive 141

Discovery Activity 9 141

Section 4: Verbs Followed by Infinitives and Gerunds 142

Discovery Activity 10 . 143

Discovery Activity 11 . 144

Verb/Gerund Variations . 145

Discovery Activity 12 . 145

Section 5: Phrasal Verbs 146

Phrasal Verbs versus Verb + Preposition/Adverb 147

Testing for Phrasal Verbs 148

Discover Activity 13 149

Types of Phrasal Verbs 150

Intransitive Inseparable . 151

Transitive Inseparable 151

Transitive Separable 151

Transitive Inseparable with 2 Prepositions/Adverbs 152

Discovery Activity 14 . 153

Summary . 154

Practice Activities 156

Answer Key: Chapter 5 Discovery Activities . 160

6 Time, Tense, and Aspect of Verbs 165

Introduction . 165

Section 1: Verbs and Inflections 165

Time, Tense, and Aspect 166

Contents

xiii

Discovery Activity 1 167

Discovery Activity 2 167

Discovery Activity 3 168

Section 2: Present 168

Simple Present 168

Present Progressive 170

Discovery Activity 4 171

Discovery Activity 5 172

Discovery Activity 6 174

Section 3: Past . 174

Simple Past . 174

Discovery Activity 7 176

Past Progressive . 177

Discovery Activity 8 179

Section 4: Future 179

Will4 180

Be Going To 181

Discovery Activity . 182

Present Progressive for the Future 184

Future Progressive . 184

Section 5: Perfect 186

Present Perfect 186

Discovery Activity 10 . 187

Past Perfect . 189

Discovery Activity 11 . 190

Future Perfect . 191

Discovery Activity 12 . 191

Present Perfect Progressive, Past Perfect Progressive, Future Perfect

Progressive . 192

Discovery Activity 13 . 193

Summary . 195

First Auxiliary Rule for Negative Statements and Questions 195

Practice Activities 196

Answer Key: Chapter 6 Discovery Activities . 202

7 Modal Auxiliary Verbs and Related Structures 211

Introduction . 211

The “Pure” Modals . 211

Modal Auxiliaries versus Primary Auxiliaries 212

Section 1: The Modal Auxiliaries . 213

Modal Meaning: Ability 213

Discovery Activity 1 214

Modal Meaning: Permission and Polite Requests 215

Modal Meaning: Possibility or Probability . 216

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Contents

Discovery Activity 2 218

Modal and Related Structures Meaning: Necessity or Obligation 220

Modal Meaning: Prohibition . 223

Discovery Activity 3 224

Modal and Related Structure Meaning: Advice or Suggestion . 225

Discovery Activity 4 226

Modal Meaning: Expectation 227

Modal Meaning: Unfulfilled Expectation, Mistake 228

Discovery Activity 5 228

Section 2: Would and the Conditional . 229

The Many Uses of Would . 229

Discovery Activity 6 231

Modals and ESL/EFL Learners 232

Summary . 234

Practice Activities 237

Answer Key: Chapter 7 Discovery Activities . 241

8 Basic Sentence Patterns and Major Variations 245

Introduction . 245

Section 1: Types of Sentence Constituents . 246

Noun Phrases and Prepositional Phrases . 246

Verb Phrases 247

Discovery Activity 1 247

Adjective and Adverb Phrases . 248

Section 2: Questions 249

Yes/No Questions 249

Discovery Activity 2 249

Wh-Questions . 251

Discovery Activity 3 251

Discovery Activity 4 254

Section 3: Passive 256

The “by-phrase” . 256

The Passive and Tense 257

The Passive versus the Active 257

Discovery Activity 5 258

Explaining Passive Formation 260

Discovery Activity 6 260

Understanding Passive Use 261

Get 262

Section 4: Substitution 262

Do 262

Substitution and First Auxiliary Rule 263

Substitution and Inversion . 263

Discovery Activity 7 265

Discovery Activity 8 267

Contents

xv

Summary . 267

Practice Activities 270

Optional Follow Up 271

Answer Key: Chapter 8 Discovery Activities . 276

Discussion: Sentence Problem . 276

9 Compound Sentences and Introduction to Complex Sentences:

Adverbial Clauses . 281

Introduction . 281

Clauses versus Phrases 281

Section 1: Compound Sentences 282

Coordinators 282

Discovery Activity 1 283

Transition Words or Phrases . 285

Discovery Activity 2 287

Section 2: Complex Sentences . 288

Complex Sentences and Multiple Subordinate Clauses . 289

Subordinate Clauses and Word Order . 290

GLUE . 290

Types of Complex Clauses 291

Adverbial Clauses of Time 292

When and While . 292

Whenever 292

Until . 292

Discovery Activity 3 294

Adverbial Clauses of Contrast 295

Unexpected Result . 295

Direct Opposition 295

Adverbial Clauses of Place 296

Adverbial Clauses of Cause 296

Discovery Activity 4 297

Adverbial Clauses of Result . 298

Adverbial Clause of Purpose . 300

Discovery Activity 5 301

Adverbial Clauses of Condition 302

Real Conditions . 302

Present Unreal Conditions . 303

Past Unreal Conditions . 303

Conditional Sentences Without “If” . 303

Discovery Activity 6 304

Mixed Time . 305

Adverbial Clauses of Manner 306

Discovery Activity 7 307

Section 3: Reduced Adverbial Clauses . 307

Summary . 310

xvi

Contents

Practice Activities 310

Answer Key: Chapter 9 Discovery Activities . 315

10 Complex Sentences Continued Relative Clauses . 319

Introduction . 319

The Relative Pronouns 319

Section 1: Two Types of Relative Clauses: Essential and Nonessential 320

Which versus That . 321

Discovery Activity 1 322

Whose . 323

Relative Pronouns as Subjects and Objects . 324

Discovery Activity 2 325

Who versus whom 326

Discovery Activity 3 326

Omission of Relative Pronouns 327

Discovery Activity 4 328

Discovery Activity 5 328

Discovery Activity 6 330

Discovery Activity 7 331

Section 2: Relative Adverbs . 332

Discovery Activity 8 334

Discovery Activity 9 336

Section 3: Reduced Relative Clauses 337

Discovery Activity 10 . 338

Discovery Activity 11 . 339

Summary . 341

Practice Activities 342

Answer Key: Chapter 10 Discovery Activities 347

11 Complex Sentences Continued: Noun Clauses 353

Introduction . 353

Section 1: Noun Clauses 353

That Noun Clauses . 354

Verb + That Noun Clause . 354

Different Verb + Noun Clause Patterns 354

Other Noun Clause Patterns . 355

Omission of That 356

Discovery Activity 1 357

The Use of the Simple or Base Verb in That Noun Clauses . 358

The Different Functions of That 359

Distinguishing Relative Clauses and Noun Clauses with That . 360

Discovery Activity 2 361

Noun Clauses Derived from Questions 362

Wh-Question Words 362

Yes/No Questions and Noun Clauses 363

Contents

xvii

Discovery Activity 3 363

Section 2: Reported Speech 365

Statements 365

Questions . 365

Other Patterns in Reported Speech 366

Imperatives . 366

Exclamations . 366

Formal Sequencing of Verb Tenses . 367

Pronoun and Other Changes . 368

Say versus Tell 369

Reported Speech as Impression 370

Discovery Activity 4 371

Summary . 374

Practice Activities 375

Answer Key: Chapter 11 Discovery Activities 379

12 Verbal Constructions 383

Introduction . 383

Section 1: Gerunds and Gerund Phrases . 384

Negation and Gerunds 385

Discovery Activity 1 385

Discovery Activity 2 386

Possessive Gerunds 387

Section 2: Participial Phrases 387

Types of Participles 388

Discovery Activity 3 391

Discovery Activity 4 392

Past Participles (-ed) in Participial Phrases . 393

Distinguishing the Different -ed Participles

393

Discovery Activity 5 393

Discovery Activity 6 394

Time . 395

Passive Participial Phrases . 396

Section 3: Infinitives 397

Function 397

Infinitives as Direct Objects of Verbs 398

Other Patterns . 399

Infinitives as Subjects . 400

Infinitives After Be + Certain Adjectives 401

Other Structures with Infinitives 402

Base Verbs or “Bare Infinitives” 402

Causative Verbs . 403

Time . 403

Basic Infinitive 404

Perfect Infinitive . 404

xviii

Contents

Discovery Activity 7 404

Summary . 406

Practice Activities 407

Answer Key: Chapter 12 Discovery Activities 411

Glossary . 417

Appendices 425

Appendix A: Irregular English Verbs in Alphabetical List1 425

Appendix B: Some Patterns of Common Irregular Verbs 428

Appendix C: Essential Spelling Rules . 430

Appendix D: Gerunds and Infinitives After Verbs . 432

Appendix E: Common Adverbial Subordinator . 433

Appendix F: The Eight Inflectional Morphemes of English . 433

Appendix G: The Minor Categories, The Structure Words 434

Appendix H: Summary of Major Learner Difficulties 434

Index 439