Sách GMPLS-achitecture and aplication

Contents
Preface xvii
Chapter 1 Multiprotocol Label Switching 1
1.1 Some History 1
1.2 Label Switching 2
1.2.1 Application of MPLS to Existing Switching Networks 4
1.2.2 Label Stacking 4
1.3 Signaling Protocols 6
1.4 Further Reading 7
Chapter 2 An Overview of Transport Networks 9
2.1 Transport 9
2.2 Transport Technologies 10
2.2.1 Gigabit Ethernet 11
2.2.2 Time Division Multiplexing 11
2.2.3 Wavelength Division Multiplexing 13
2.2.4 Fiber Switching 14
2.3 Transport Network Topologies 15
2.3.1 Simple Rings 15
2.3.2 Bidirectional and Protected Rings 16
2.3.3 Interconnected Rings and Meshed Rings 17
2.3.4 Point-to-Point Links 18
2.3.5 Mesh Networks 20
2.4 Functional Components and Planes 21
2.5 Further Reading 23
Chapter 3 From MPLS to GMPLS 25
3.1 The Origins of GMPLS 25
3.1.1 Lambda Switching 26
3.1.2 Generalizing the Technology 26
3.2 Basic GMPLS Requirements 28
3.2.1 What is a Label? 28
3.2.2 Switching Types 29
3.2.3 What is a Label Switched Path? 29
3.2.4 What is Bandwidth? 30
3.2.5 Bidirectionality of Transport Connections 31
3.2.6 Separation of Control and Data Planes 32
3.2.7 Tunneling and Hierarchies 32
3.3 Further Reading 34
Chapter 4 GMPLS Signaling 35
4.1 Introduction to Signaling 35
4.1.1 Addressing 37
4.2 Basic GMPLS Signaling 38
4.2.1 Sessions, Tunnels, and LSPs 38
4.2.2 LSP Routes 40
4.2.3 Labels and Resources 42
4.3 LSP Establishment and Maintenance 44
4.3.1 Basic Messages 45
4.3.2 RSVP-TE Messages and Objects 45
4.3.3 LSP Establishment 47
4.3.4 Reliable Message Delivery 48
4.3.5 LSP Maintenance 49
4.3.6 Error Cases 52
4.3.7 LSP Teardown 54
4.3.8 LSP Modification 54
4.3.9 Bidirectional SLPs 56
4.4 Fine Control of Label Allocation 56
4.5 Other Signaling Objects 59
4.6 Multiple Domains 60
4.7 Further Reading 61
Chapter 5 GMPLS Routing 63
5.1 Routing in IP and Traffic Engineered Networks 63
5.2 Basic Traffic Engineering Data 64
5.3 GMPLS Routing Information 65
5.4 Overview of IP Routing Protocols 67
5.4.1 Operation of Routing Protocols in
GMPLS Networks 68
5.5 Protocol-Specific Extensions 70
5.5.1 OSPF 70
5.5.2 IS-IS 70
5.6 Advanced Features 71
5.6.1 Graceful Shutdown 71
5.6.2 Inter-Domain Traffic Engineering 72
5.7 Further Reading 74
Chapter 6 Link Management 75
6.1 Links, Control Channels, and Data Channels 75
6.2 The Link Management Protocol 76
6.2.1 LMP Messages 77
6.2.2 Control Channel Management 78
6.2.3 Link Discovery and Verification 80
6.2.4 Link Capabilities 82
6.2.5 Fault Isolation 82
6.2.6 Authentication 84
6.2.7 Implications for Traffic Engineering
and Link Bundling 84
6.3 Device-Level Resource Discovery 86
6.3.1 LMP-WDM 87
6.4 Further Reading 87
Chapter 7 GMPLS and Service Recovery 89
7.1 Failures in Transport Networks 90
7.2 Network Survivability Definitions 90
7.3 Service Recovery Cycle 92
7.4 Service Recovery Classes 95
7.5 Recovery Levels and Scopes 97
7.6 Span Recovery 99
7.6.1 Dedicated Unidirectional 1 þ 1 Span Protection 100
7.6.2 Dedicated Bidirectional 1 þ 1 Span Protection 101
7.6.3 Dedicated 1:1 Span Protection with Extra Traffic 102
7.6.4 Shared M:N Span Protection 105
7.6.5 Enhanced Span Protection 107
7.7 Path Recovery 109
7.7.1 Path Recovery Domain 109
7.7.2 End-to-End Path Recovery 111
7.7.3 Path Segment Recovery 122
7.7.4 Combining Segment and End-to-End Recovery 133
7.7.5 Fast Re-Route 135
7.8 Control Plane Recovery 141
7.8.1 Control Plane Failures 142
7.8.2 Control Plane Re-Synchronization via Signaling 144
7.8.3 Control Plane Restoration Using Local Databases 144
7.8.4 Control Plane Restoration Using Data Plane State 145
7.8.5 Managing Control Plane Partitioned LSPs 146
7.9 Further Reading 152
Chapter 8 GMPLS and Traffic Engineering 155
8.1 Evolution of Traffic Engineering 155
8.1.1 Traffic Engineering Through Modifying
Network Link Metrics 157
8.1.2 Traffic Engineering Through ECMP 158
8.1.3 Traffic Engineering Through Service
Type Based Routing 159
8.1.4 Traffic Engineering Using Overlays 160
8.1.5 Traffic Engineering Based on MPLS 161
8.2 Traffic Engineering in Transport Networks 162
8.2.1 Traffic Engineering in Photonic Networks 166
8.3 GMPLS Traffic Engineering Definitions 167
8.3.1 TE Link Attributes 171
8.4 GMPLS Traffic Engineering Protocols 178
8.4.1 OSPF-TE 179
8.4.2 ISIS-TE 180
8.5 Traffic Engineering Link Bundling 181
8.6 Traffic Engineering Regions and Switching Layers 182
8.6.1 Virtual Network Topology 187
8.6.2 Hierarchial LSP Protection 189
8.6.3 Adaptation Capabilities 190
8.7 Inter-Domain Traffic Engineering 191
8.7.1 Path Computation with Limited TE Visibility 191
8.7.2 Provisioning of Inter-Domain LSPs 195
8.7.3 Handling Inter-Domain LSP Setup Failures 196
8.8 Service Path Re-Optimization 197
8.9 Further Reading 198
Chapter 9 GMPLS Path Computation 199
9.1 Definitions 199
9.2 Transport Network Graph Representation 200
9.3 Basic Single Source Algorithms 202
9.3.1 Bellman-Ford Algorithm 204
9.3.2 Dijkstra Algorithm 205
9.3.3 Modified Dijkstra Algorithm 209
9.3.4 Breadth First Search Algorithm 210
9.3.5 Johnson Algorithm 211
9.4 K Shortest Paths Algorithm 213
9.5 Diverse Path Computation 216
9.5.1 Simple Two-Step Approach 218
9.5.2 Computation of Two Edge-Disjoint Paths 219
9.5.3 Computation of Two Vertex-Disjoint Paths 220
9.5.4 Computation of Two Best-Disjoint Paths 223
9.5.5 Computation of K (K>2) Edge-, Vertex-,
Best-Disjoint Paths 229
9.5.6 Computing Physically Disjoint Paths 231
9.6 Further Reading 232
hapter 10 Constraint-Based Path Computation 233
10.1 Attributes Within the Network 234
10.1.1 Link Attributes 234
10.1.2 Path Attributes 235
10.2 Path Computation Constraints 236
10.2.1 Handling of Exclusions 236
10.2.2 Handling of Link-Type Constraints 238
10.2.3 Handling of Inclusions 238
10.2.4 Handling of Path-Type Constraints 242
10.3 Optical Trails in Transparent Networks 247
10.4 Further Reading 257
hapter 11 Point-to-Multipoint GMPLS 259
11.1 GMPLS Point-to-Multipoint Traffic Engineering 259
11.1.1 TE Point-to-Multipoint Related Definitions 262
11.2 Point-to-Multipoint Tree Computation 264
11.2.1 P2MP-Related Advertisements 267
11.3 Signaling Point-to-Multipoint Tunnels 268
11.3.1 P2MP Tunnel Setup 268
11.3.2 Processing Leaf Descriptors 271
11.3.3 P2MP Tunnel Teardown 272
11.3.4 Handling of Failures 272
11.4 P2MP Tunnel Decomposition 273
11.4.1 Tunnel Re-Merge 275
11.4.2 Limited Branching Capability Problem 278
11.5 Grafting and Pruning 280
11.6 Advanced Features 282
11.6.1 Hierarchical P2MP Tunnels 282
11.6.2 Inter-Domain P2MP Tunnels 282
11.6.3 Multi-Layer P2MP Tunnels 286
11.6.4 Leaf-Initiated Join and Drop Procedures 289
11.6.5 P2MP Service Recovery 291
11.6.6 P2MP Tunnel Re-Optimization 293
11.7 Further Reading 294
Chapter 12 Layer One Virtual Private Networks 295
12.1 Layer One Point-to-Point Services 295
12.2 Layer One VPN Deployment Scenarios 300
12.2.1 Multi-Service Backbone 300
12.2.2 Carrier’s Carrier 303
12.2.3 Layer One Resource Trading 303
12.2.4 Complex Layer One VPN 304
12.3 Resource-Sharing Models 307
12.4 Layer One VPN Functional Model 309
12.5 Layer One VPN Service Models 310
12.6 GMPLS-Based Layer One VPN Offerings 314
12.6.1 GVPNs 315
12.6.2 GMPLS Overlays 321
12.7 Further Reading 324
Chapter 13 Architectural Models 325
13.1 The Internet’s End-to-End Model 326
13.1.1 How Far Can You Stretch an
Architectural Principle? 327
13.2 GMPLS Service Models 329
13.2.1 The Peer Model 329
13.2.2 The Overlay Model 330
13.2.3 The Hybrid Model 331
13.3 The ITU-T’s ASON Architecture 332
13.3.1 Nodes, Links, and Subnetworks 333
13.3.2 Reference Points 335
13.3.3 Calls and Connections 337
13.3.4 Abstract Functional Entities 338
13.3.5 Managing Connectivity Across Subnetworks 341
13.3.6 Network Layers and Technology Types 343
13.4 GMPLS and ASON Networks 344
13.4.1 The OIF UNI Protocol Extensions 344
13.4.2 The ITU-T’s UNI and E-NNI Protocols 346
13.4.3 Applying the GMPLS Overlay Model 347
13.4.4 Calls and Connections in GMPLS 349
13.4.5 Contrasting GMPLS and ASON 350
13.5 Further Reading 350
Chapter 14 Provisioning Systems 353
14.1 Structure of Management 354
14.1.1 Management Tools 354
14.2 Management Networks 356
14.3 Proprietary Management Interfaces 356
14.4 Standardized Management Protocols 357
14.5 Web Management 360
14.6 Alarms and Events 361
14.7 Further Reading 362
Chapter 15 GMPLS MIB Modules 363
15.1 MPLS TE MIB Management 363
15.2 GMPLS MIB Modules 364
15.3 GMPLS LSR Management 365
15.4 GMPLS Traffic Engineering LSP Management 367
15.5 The TE Link MIB Module 369
15.6 The LMP MIB Module 370
15.7 The Interfaces MIB Module 372
15.8 Further Reading 373
Glossary 375
Index 395