Sách french_grammar and usage-hawkins towell

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Contents

Guide for the user xi

Glossary of key grammatical terms xiv

Acknowledgements xx

Acknowledgements for the second edition xxi

1 Nouns 1

1.1 Types of noun 1

1.2 Gender 5

1.3 Number 17

2 Determiners 23

2.1 Articles 23

2.2 Typical use of the definite article 24

2.3 Typical use of the indefinite article 29

2.4 The partitive article: du, de l', de la, des 32

2.5 Use of indefinite and partitive articles after the negative

forms ne . pas, ne . jamais, ne . plus, ne . guère 33

2.6 Omission of the article 34

2.7 Demonstrative determiners 37

2.8 Possessive determiners 39

3 Personal and impersonal pronouns 40

3.1 Subject pronouns 40

3.2 Object pronouns 53

3.3 Stressed pronouns 71

3.4 Demonstrative pronouns 75

3.5 Possessive pronouns 76

4 Adjectives 78

4.1 Adjectives modifying the noun 78

4.2 Adjectives which follow verbs or verbal expressions 83

4.3 Adjectives with complements 84

4.4 Indefinite and negative noun phrases with adjective

complements 85

4.5 Adjectives used as nouns 85

4.6 Adjectives used as adverbs 86

4.7 Masculine and feminine forms of adjectives 86

4.8 Plural forms of adjectives 89

4.9 Adjective agreement with nouns 91

4.10 Invariable adjectives 91

4.11 Compound adjectives 92

4.12 Comparative and superlative forms of adjectives 93

4.13 Subjunctive versus indicative in clauses dependent

on a superlative adjective 96

4.14 Absolute use of the superlative 97

5 Adverbs 98

5.1 Function of adverbs 98

5.2 Formation of adverbs with the ending -ment 98

5.3 Adjectives used as adverbs without addition of -ment 101

5.4 Phrases used as adverbs 102

5.5 English and French adverb formation 104

5.6 Types of adverbs 104

5.7 Location of adverbs 122

6 Numbers, measurements, time and quantifiers 126

6.1 Cardinal numbers 126

6.2 Ordinal numbers 133

6.3 Fractions 134

6.4 Some differences in the use of cardinal and ordinal numbers

in French and English 135

6.5 Measurements and comparisons 138

6.6 Dates, days, years 140

6.7 Clock time 142

6.8 Money 143

6.9 Quantifiers 143

7 Verb forms 147

7.1 Introduction 147

7.2 Conjugations 148

7.3 Easy ways of generating some parts of the paradigms 149

7.4 Changes in the stem form of some -er conjugation verbs 152

7.5 Verbs whose stems end in c- or g- 153

7.6 Verb paradigms 154

8 Verb constructions 186

8.1 Relations between verbs and their complements 186

8.2 Intransitive constructions 186

8.3 Directly transitive verbs 188

8.4 Indirectly transitive verbs 190

8.5 Ditransitive verbs 192

8.6 The passive 194

8.7 Pronominal verbs 197

8.8 Impersonal verbs 204

8.9 Verbs which take noun + adjective or noun + noun complements 207

Contents vii

9 Verb and participle agreement

Subject-verb agreement

Agreement of the past participle with the subject of être

Agreement of the past participle of verbs conjugated with

avoir with a preceding direct object

Agreement of the past participle of pronominal verbs in

compound tenses

10 Tense

11 The

Introduction

The present

The past

The future

Other tenses indicating the time at which events occur

relative to other events

Combining tenses

Tenses in direct and reported descriptions of events

Tenses with si

subjunctive, modal verbs, exclamatives and imperatives

The attitude of the subject to events: the subjunctive

The use of devoir, pouvoir, savoir, falloir

The French equivalents of the English modal verbs: 'would',

'should', 'could', 'may', 'might', 'ought to', and 'must'

Exclamatives

Imperatives

12 The infinitive

Introduction: what are infinitives?

Infinitives as complements to other verbs

Verbs which take infinitive complements without a linking

preposition

Verbs which take infinitive complements preceded by the

preposition à

Verbs which take an infinitive complement preceded by de

Omission of objects before infinitives

Infinitives as complements to adjectives

Infinitives as complements to nouns

Infinitives in subordinate clauses

Infinitives as polite commands

Quick-reference index to verbs taking infinitive complements

13 Prepositions

Introduction

Prepositions listed alphabetically from à to vers

French translations for common English prepositions

14 Question formation 332

14.1 Introduction 332

14.2 Yes/no questions 332

14.3 Information questions 336

14.4 Order of object pronouns in questions involving inversion 341

14.5 Order of negative particles in questions involving inversion 341

14.6 Use of question words and phrases: qui?, que?, quoi?, quel?,

de qui?, avec combien de? etc. 341

14.7 Indirect questions 346

15 Relative clauses 349

15.1 Introduction 349

15.2 Use of relative qui 350

15.3 Use of relative que 351

15.4 Preposition plus qui 352

15.5 Use of lequel in relative clauses 352

15.6 Use of dont, de qui, duquel/de laquelle/desquels/desquelles 354

15.7 The use of où as a relative pronoun 355

15.8 Use of relative quoi 356

15.9 Free relative clauses and the use of ce qui, ce que, ce dont, ce

à quoi, ce sur quoi, etc. 357

15.10 Translating 'whoever', 'whatever', 'wherever', 'whenever',

'however' 359

15.11 Indicative and subjunctive in relative clauses 361

16 Negation 365

16.1 Introduction 365

16.2 Location of sentence negators 365

16.3 Order of negators in multiple negation 368

16.4 Omission of ne in sentence negation 368

16.5 Order of negative elements in questions and imperatives 369

16.6 ne . pas 369

16.7 ne . que 373

16.8 ne . aucun(e), ne . nul(le) 373

16.9 ne . jamais 374

16.10 ne . plus 375

16.11 ne . guère 376

16.12 ne . rien 377

16.13 ne . personne 378

16.14 ne . ni . ni 379

16.15 sans used with other negators 380

16.16 ne used alone 380

17 Conjunctions and other linking constructions 382

17.1 Introduction 382

17.2 Coordinating conjunctions 382

17.3 Subordinating conjunctions 384

17.4 Conjunctions sometimes confused by English speakers 394

17.5 Repeated subordinating conjunctions 395

17.6 Subordinating conjunctions used with infinitive clauses 396

17.7 après avoir/ être + past participle linking an infinitive clause

to a main clause 397

17.8 Past participle phrases used as linkers 397

17.9 Present participles and gerunds 398

Appendix 402

Bibliography 405

Index 407