Tài liệu Foreign Direct Investment and the environment

Foreign Direct Investment and the environment


From pollution havens to sustainable development


A WWF-UK Report
Nick Mabey and Richard McNally
July 1998
PART II: SOLUTIONS


6. FROM LEGAL COMPLIANCE TO ACTIVE CORPORATE CITIZENSHIP.49


6.1 Defining Environmental Best Practice for Foreign Investors .50


6.2 Ecolabelling in Resource-Intensive Sectors .51


7. REFORMING INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENT AGREEMENTS: REMOVING
BARRIERS TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT . 54


7.1 International Investment Agreements: Balancing Flexibility and Investor Confidence .55
7.1.1 Causes and determinants of FDI flows 55
7.1.2 Conflicts between liberalisation and policy flexibility .56


7.2 Learning from the MAI: Avoiding Conflicts between IIAs and Environmental Laws 57
7.2.1 Conflicts between IIAs and the sustainable use of natural resources .553


8. INTERNATIONAL REGULATION OF FDI: SETTING A FRAMEWORK FOR
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT . 60


8.1 Promoting Best-Practice Investment: the Role of Binding Minimum Standards 61
8.1.1 How minimum standards help promote a race-to-the-top .62
8.1.2 Implementing mandatory standards of environmental performance .64


8.2 Beyond Minimum Standards: Regulation of Environmentally Sensitive Sectors 65
8.2.1 International Commodity Related Agreements 66
8.2.2 Environmental issues in International Commodity Agreements .67


8.3 Reducing Damaging Competition for Investment 69
8.3.1 The economics of investment incentives 70
8.3.2 Policy instruments to control investment incentives 73
8.3.3 Preventing competitive deregulation .74


8.4 From Top-down to Bottom-up: Improving Governance by Strengthening Civil Society 75
8.4.1 The function of civil society in influencing foreign direct investment .75
8.4.2 Civil Society and the formal regulation of international investment .77


8.5 Constructing Sustainable Markets: the need for economic and social governance 79
8.5.1 Competition policy and eliminating restrictive business practices .80
8.5.2 Competition policy, RBPs and the environment 81
8.5.3 Bribery and corruption .82
8.5.4 Core labour standards 83


9. CONCLUSIONS . 85


ENDNOTES


BIBLIOGRAPHY . 87


FDI and the Environment WWF-UK,Page 2