Tài liệu Expert Oracle Database 11g Administration

PART 1 ■ ■ ■ Background, Data Modeling, UNIX/Linux, and SQL*Plus
■CHAPTER 1 The Oracle DBA’s World . 3
The Oracle DBA’s Role 3
The DBA’s Security Role 4
The DBA’s System Management Role . 5
The DBA’s Database Design Role . 7
DBA Job Classifications . 8
Types of Databases 9
Online Transaction Processing and Decision-Support
System Databases . 9
Development, Test, and Production Databases 9
Training and Certification . 10
Training . 10
Certification 11
Resources and Organizations for Oracle DBAs . 13
Oracle by Example 14
Oracle Database Two-Day DBA Course . 14
Oracle MetaLink 15
Oracle Web Conference 15
The Daily Routine of a Typical Oracle DBA 15
Some General Advice 16
Know When You Need Help . 16
Remember You Are Not Alone . 16
Think Outside the Box . 17
Primum Non Nocere . 17
viii ■CONTENTS
■CHAPTER 2 Relational Database Modeling and Database Design 19
Relational Databases: A Brief Introduction . 19
The Relational Database Model 20
Database Schemas 20
Relational Algebra . 21
Relational Calculus 22
SQL . 22
Relational Database Life Cycle 23
Requirements Gathering and Analysis 23
Logical Database Design . 24
Physical Database Design 34
Implementing the Physical Design . 37
Reverse-Engineering a Database 38
Object-Relational and Object Databases 38
The Relational Model 38
The Object Model . 39
The Object-Relational Model 39
Semi-Structured Data Models . 40
■CHAPTER 3 Essential UNIX (and Linux) for the Oracle DBA . 43
Overview of UNIX and Linux Operating Systems 43
UNIX 43
Linux 44
Midrange Systems 45
Understanding the UNIX Shell(s) . 45
Accessing the UNIX System . 46
Overview of Basic UNIX Commands 48
Getting Help: The man Command 50
Changing the Prompt 51
Finding Files and Directories 52
Controlling the Output of Commands . 52
Showing the Contents of Files . 52
Comparing Files 53
Understanding Operating-System and Shell Variables . 53
Redirecting Input and Output 56
Protecting Files from Being Overwritten 57
Navigating Files and Directories in UNIX 57
Files in the UNIX System . 57
Linking Files . 57
■CONTENTS ix
Managing Files . 58
Permissions: Reading from or Writing to Files in UNIX . 59
Directory Management . 62
Editing Files with the vi Editor . 63
Creating and Modifying Files Using vi 63
Moving Around with the head and tail Commands 65
Extracting and Sorting Text . 65
Using grep to Match Patterns . 65
Cutting, Pasting, and Joining Text . 66
Shell Scripting 68
What Is a Shell Program? . 68
Using Shell Variables 69
Evaluating Expressions with the test Command 69
Executing Shell Programs with Command-Line Arguments 70
Analyzing a Shell Script 70
Flow-Control Structures in Korn Shell Programming 71
Dealing with UNIX Processes 74
Gathering Process Information with ps . 74
Running Processes after Logging Out 75
Running Processes in the Background 75
Terminating Processes with the kill Command . 75
UNIX System Administration and the Oracle DBA . 76
UNIX Backup and Restore Utilities . 76
The crontab and Automating Scripts . 77
Using Telnet 78
Remote Login and Remote Copy . 78
Using SSH, the Secure Shell 79
Using FTP to Send and Receive Files . 79
UNIX System Performance Monitoring Tools . 80
Disks and Storage in UNIX 85
Disk Storage Configuration Choices 86
Monitoring Disk Usage . 86
Disk Storage, Performance, and Availability . 87
RAID Systems 88
RAID Levels 89
Choosing the Ideal Disk Configuration 90
Redundant Disk Controllers . 92
RAID and Backups 92
RAID and Oracle 93
x ■CONTENTS
Other Storage Technologies 93
Storage Area Networks 93
Networked Attached Storage 94
InfiniBand 94
Automatic Storage Management 94
Oracle and Storage System Compatibility . 95
■CHAPTER 4 Using SQL*Plus and Oracle Enterprise Manager . 97
Starting a SQL*Plus Session 97
Setting the Environment 98
Starting a SQL*Plus Session from the Command Line . 98
Connecting by Using the CONNECT Command 100
Connectionless SQL*Plus Session with /NOLOG . 101
Connecting to SQL*Plus Through a Windows GUI 101
Operating in SQL*Plus 101
Exiting SQL*Plus . 102
SQL*Plus and SQL Commands . 103
SQL*Plus Security 103
Setting the SQL*Plus Environment with the SET Command . 106
Setting Common SQL*Plus Variables 107
SQL*Plus Error Logging . 111
SQL*Plus Command-Line Options 113
SQL*Plus Administrative Commands 115
CLEAR Command 115
STORE Command 115
SHOW Command 116
Key SQL*Plus “Working” Commands 118
SQLPROMPT Command . 118
DESCRIBE Command . 119
HOST Command . 119
SPOOL Command 120
ACCEPT and PROMPT Commands 121
EXECUTE Command 121
PAUSE Command 121
Commands for Formatting Output and Reporting 122
BREAK Command 122
COLUMN Command 123
COMPUTE Command . 123
REPFOOTER Command . 123
REPHEADER Command . 123
BTITLE and TTITLE Commands . 123
■CONTENTS xi
Creating Command Files in SQL*Plus 124
Saving the SQL Buffer Contents to a File . 124
Executing SQL Scripts in SQL*Plus 124
Creating a Windows Batch Script . 126
DEFINE and UNDEFINE Commands 126
Predefined SQL*Plus Variables . 127
Using Comments in SQL*Plus 128
Listing SQL Commands . 128
Editing Within SQL*Plus . 129
Inserting and Deleting Lines . 130
Adding to Text . 131
Incorporating Comments with the REMARK Command . 132
Copying Tables with the COPY Command 132
Making DML Changes Permanent with SQL*Plus 133
Creating Web Pages Using SQL*Plus 134
Key SQL*Plus Database Administration Commands . 134
RECOVER Command 134
STARTUP and SHUTDOWN Commands 134
ARCHIVE LOG Command 135
Using SQL to Generate SQL 135
Oracle SQL Developer 136
Oracle Enterprise Manager 136
Benefits of Using OEM to Manage Databases . 137
OEM Architecture and Components . 139
Configuring and Using the Database Control 140
Accessing the Database Control 143
A Brief Tour of the Database Control 144
Performance 145
Availability 146
Server 146
Schema 147
Data Movement 148
Software and Support 148
Oracle Software Cloning 148
Configuring Using the Setup Page 148
The Related Links Section and the Advisor Central Page . 150
Creating Database Control Roles . 150
Linking to MetaLink 150
Policy-Based Configuration Framework 151
Tracking Database Feature-Usage Statistics 151
OEM Grid Control 153
xii ■CONTENTS
Managing the Management Agent 156
The Oracle Management Service . 157
Connecting to the Grid Control . 157
Logging Into the Grid Control . 157
Features of the Grid Control 158
Using the Grid Control Home Page 159
Monitoring Your Entire System with the Grid Control . 159
PART 2 ■ ■ ■ Oracle Database 11g Architecture, Schema, and Transaction Management
■CHAPTER 5 Oracle Database 11g Architecture 165
Oracle Database Structures 165
Logical Database Structures . 165
Physical Database Structures 173
Other Files 176
Oracle Processes 179
Interaction Between the User and Oracle Processes . 179
The Server Process . 179
The Background Processes 180
Oracle Memory Structures . 186
Understanding Main Memory 186
The System Global Area . 187
The Program Global Area 193
A Simple Oracle Database Transaction 196
Committing and Rolling Back 197
Committing a Transaction . 197
Rolling Back a Transaction 198
Data Consistency and Data Concurrency . 198
The Database Writer and the Write Ahead Protocol 199
The System Change Number . 199
Undo Management . 200
Backup and Recovery Architecture 201
User-Managed Backup and Recovery . 201
RMAN 201
Oracle Secure Backup 202
Flashback Recovery Techniques 202
■CONTENTS xiii
The Oracle Data Dictionary and the Dynamic Performance Views 202
The Oracle Data Dictionary 203
The Dynamic Performance (V$) Views . 204
The Three Sets of Data Dictionary Views . 204
How Is the Data Dictionary Created? 204
Using the Static Data Dictionary Views 204
The Oracle Optimizer . 205
Talking to the Database . 205
Connecting to Oracle . 205
Oracle Enterprise Manager 206
SQL*Plus . 207
Oracle Utilities . 207
Data Pump Export and Import 207
SQL*Loader . 207
LogMiner . 207
Automatic Diagnostic Repository Control Interface . 208
Scheduling and Resource Management . 208
The Oracle Scheduler . 208
Database Resource Manager 208
Automatic Database Management 208
Automatic Database Diagnostic Monitor . 209
Automatic Undo Retention Tuning 209
Automatic Optimizer Statistics Collection 209
Automatic Storage Management . 209
Automatic SQL Tuning 209
Common Manageability Infrastructure . 210
Automatic Workload Repository 210
Active Session History 210
Server-Generated Alerts 211
Automated Tasks Feature . 211
Advisory Framework 212
Change Management . 212
Efficient Managing and Monitoring 213
■CHAPTER 6 Managing Tablespaces 215
Tablespace Extent Sizing and Space Management 216
Allocating the Extent Size: Autoallocate vs. Uniform . 216
Automatic vs. Manual Segment Space Management . 217
xiv ■CONTENTS
Creating Tablespaces . 218
Data Files and Tablespaces 219
Extent Allocation and Deallocation 220
Storage Parameters 220
Storage Allocation to Database Objects 222
Adding Space to a Tablespace . 223
Removing Tablespaces . 224
Number of User Tablespaces 225
Tablespace Quotas . 226
Proactive Tablespace Space Alerts 226
Managing Logging of Redo Data 227
Renaming Tablespaces . 228
Read-Only Tablespaces . 229
Taking Tablespaces Offline 229
Temporary Tablespaces . 229
Creating a Temporary Tablespace 230
Altering a Temporary Tablespace . 231
Shrinking Temporary Tablespaces 231
Default Temporary Tablespace . 232
Temporary Tablespace Groups . 233
Default Permanent Tablespaces 235
Bigfile Tablespaces . 236
Restrictions on Using Bigfile Tablespaces 237
Creating Bigfile Tablespaces . 237
Altering a Bigfile Tablespace . 238
Viewing Bigfile Tablespace Information 238
Managing the Sysaux Tablespace 238
Creating the Sysaux Tablespace 239
Usage Restrictions for the Sysaux Tablespace 240
Encrypting Tablespaces . 240
Why You Need Encrypted Tablespaces 240
Creating the Oracle Wallet . 241
Creating an Encrypted Tablespace 242
Data Dictionary Views for Managing Tablespaces . 243
DBA_TABLESPACES 243
DBA_FREE_SPACE . 243
DBA_SEGMENTS . 244
DBA_DATA_FILES 245
DBA_TABLESPACE_GROUPS . 246
V$DATAFILE . 246
V$FILESTAT . 246
■CONTENTS xv
Easy File Management with Oracle Managed Files 247
Benefits of Using OMF 248
Creating Oracle Managed Files . 248
Different Types of Oracle Managed Files . 250
Copying Files Between Two Databases 253
COPY_FILE 253
GET_FILE . 254
PUT_FILE . 254
Finding Out How Much Free Space Is Left 255
Working with Operating System Files 256
Using the UTL_FILE Package . 256
Key UTL_FILE Procedures and Functions 257
Exceptions 258
A Simple Example Using the UTL_FILE Package . 258
■CHAPTER 7 Schema Management . 261
Types of SQL Statements 261
System-Control Statements 262
Session-Control Statements . 262
Embedded SQL Statements 262
Data Manipulation Language Statements 263
Transaction-Control Statements 263
Data Definition Language Statements . 264
Oracle Schemas . 264
Oracle Tables . 265
Estimating the Table Size . 266
Creating a Simple Table . 268
What Is a Null Value? . 269
Default Values for Columns 270
Virtual Columns 270
Adding a Column to a Table . 271
Dropping a Column from a Table . 271
Renaming a Table Column . 272
Renaming a Table 272
Removing All Data from a Table 272
Creating a New Table with the CTAS Option 273
Placing a Table in Read-Only Mode . 273
Table Compression . 274
Dropping Tables . 276
xvi ■CONTENTS
Special Oracle Tables . 277
Temporary Tables 277
Index-Organized Tables . 278
External Tables 280
Partitioned Tables 280
Range Partitioning . 281
Interval Partitioning . 282
Hash Partitioning . 283
List Partitioning 284
Reference Partitioning 284
Virtual Column-Based Partitioning 286
System Partitioning 287
Composite Partitioning 287
Partition Maintenance Operations . 290
Data Dictionary Views for Managing Tables 292
Clusters 295
Hash Clusters . 296
Oracle Indexes . 296
Guidelines for Creating Indexes 297
Oracle Index Schemes 298
Estimating the Size of an Index . 298
Creating an Index 299
Special Types of Indexes 300
Bitmap Indexes 301
Reverse-Key Indexes . 301
Key-Compressed Indexes . 301
Function-Based Indexes . 302
Partitioned Indexes . 302
Invisible Indexes . 303
Monitoring Index Usage . 304
Index Maintenance . 305
Managing Database Integrity Constraints 306
Primary Key Constraints . 306
Not Null Constraints 307
Check Constraints 307
Unique Constraints . 307
Referential Integrity Constraints 308
Integrity Constraint States . 308
Rely Constraints . 310
Deferrable and Immediate Constraints . 310
■CONTENTS xvii
Constraint- and Index-Related Views 310
DBA_CONSTRAINTS 310
DBA_CONS_COLUMNS . 311
Using Views . 312
Using Materialized Views 314
Query Rewriting . 315
The Rewrite_or_Error Hint . 315
Rewrite Integrity . 316
Refreshing Materialized View Data 316
Using the DBMS_MVIEW Package 317
Creating Materialized Views . 317
Creating the Materialized View . 318
Using the SQL Access Advisor 320
Using the OEM Database Control . 320
Using the DBMS_ADVISOR Package . 323
Using the QUICK_TUNE Procedure 324
Using Synonyms . 324
Creating a Public Synonym 325
Creating a Private Synonym . 326
Dropping a Synonym . 326
Managing Synonyms . 326
Switching to a Different Schema . 327
Using Sequences 327
Using Triggers . 328
Viewing Object Information 329
Views for Managing Database Objects . 329
DBA_OBJECTS 329
DBA_TABLES 330
DBA_EXTERNAL_TABLES . 330
DBA_TAB_PARTITIONS . 330
DBA_PARABLES 331
DBA_TAB_MODIFICATIONS 331
DBA_TAB_COLUMNS . 332
DBA_VIEWS . 332
DBA_MVIEWS . 333
DBA_INDEXES . 333
DBA_IND_COLUMNS . 333
INDEX_STATS . 334
xviii ■CONTENTS
■CHAPTER 8 Oracle Transaction Management 337
Oracle Transactions 337
COMMIT Statement 338
ROLLBACK Statement 339
Transaction Properties 340
Transaction Concurrency Control . 341
Concurrency Problems 341
Schedules and Serializability . 342
Isolation Levels and the ISO Transaction Standard . 342
Oracle’s Isolation Levels 344
Transaction- and Statement-Level Consistency . 345
Changing the Default Isolation Level 345
Implementing Oracle’s Concurrency Control 347
Oracle Locking Methods 348
Oracle Lock Types . 348
Allowing DDL Locks to Wait for DML Locks . 350
Explicit Table Locking . 350
Explicit Locking in Oracle 351
Managing Oracle Locks . 353
Using Undo Data to Provide Read Consistency 356
Automatic Undo Management 356
Guaranteed Undo Retention 362
Using the OEM to Manage Undo Data . 365
Flashback Error Correction Using Undo Data 366
Querying Old Data with Flashback Query 367
Flashback Using the DBMS_FLASHBACK Package . 368
Flashback Versions Query . 369
Flashback Transaction Query 372
Using Flashback Transaction Query and Flashback
Versions Query Together 375
The Flashback Table Feature 376
Transaction Management . 380
Discrete Transactions . 380
Autonomous Transactions . 380
Resumable Space Allocation . 382
Resumable Operations 383
Common Resumable Errors 383
Using the Resumable Space Allocation Feature . 383
Notification of Suspended Operations . 386
Operation-Suspended Alert 386
Monitoring Resumable Space Allocation . 386
■CONTENTS xix
Managing Long Transactions 386
Benefits of Using the Workspace Manager . 387
Table Versioning and Workspaces 387
PART 3 ■ ■ ■ Installing Oracle Database 11g, Upgrading, and Creating Databases
■CHAPTER 9 Installing and Upgrading to Oracle Database 11g 391
Installing Oracle . 391
Reviewing the Documentation . 392
Determining Disk and Memory Requirements . 392
Optimal Flexible Architecture 393
Mount Points 394
Directory and File-Naming Conventions 394
Performing Preinstallation Tasks . 400
Checking the Preinstallation Requirements . 400
System Administrator’s Preinstallation Tasks . 401
Oracle Owner’s Preinstallation Tasks 410
A Final Checklist for the Installation . 413
Accessing the Installation Software . 414
Installing the Software 416
Using Response Files to Install Oracle Software . 421
After the Installation 422
System Administrator’s Post-Installation Tasks . 423
Oracle Owner’s Post-Installation Tasks 424
Uninstalling Oracle . 425
Removing All Oracle Databases Running on Your Server . 425
Removing the Oracle Software . 426
Upgrading to Oracle Database 11g 426
Routes to Oracle Database 11g . 426
Upgrade Methods and Tools . 427
The Manual Upgrade Process 427
The Database Upgrade Assistant . 428
The Pre-Upgrade Information Tool 428
The Post-Upgrade Status Tool 429
Preparing the Database for the Upgrade . 430
xx ■CONTENTS
Upgrading with the DBUA . 430
Starting the DBUA 430
Running the DBUA . 431
Restoring the Pre-Upgrade Database 433
Upgrading Manually 434
Upgrade and Downgrade Scripts . 434
Creating a Spool File . 434
Running the Pre-Upgrade Information Tool . 435
Backing up the Database 437
Copying the Parameter File 437
Starting Up the New Database . 437
Running the Upgrade Script 438
Running the Upgrade Actions Script . 438
Restarting the Instance . 438
Running the Post Upgrade Actions Script 439
Checking for Invalid Objects . 439
Recompiling and Validating Objects . 439
Running the Post-Upgrade Status Tool 440
Ending the Spool File . 441
Restarting the New Database 441
After the Upgrade 441
Resetting Passwords for Stronger Password Protection 441
Downgrading to an Old Version . 441
■CHAPTER 10 Creating a Database . 443
Getting Ready to Create the Database . 443
Installing the Oracle Software 444
Creating the File System for the Database . 444
Ensuring Sufficient Memory Allocation . 445
Getting Necessary Authorizations . 446
Setting the OS Environment Variables . 446
Creating the Parameter File 446
Types of Database Parameter Files . 446
The Initialization Parameter File 447
Changing the Initialization Parameter Values . 448
Important Oracle Database 11g Initialization Parameters . 449
Undocumented Initialization Parameters . 473
Viewing the Current Initialization Parameter Values 473
■CONTENTS xxi
Creating a New Database . 474
Manual Creation . 474
Using the DBCA to Create a Database . 486
Using a Server Parameter File 493
Creating a Server Parameter File . 494
Setting the Scope of Dynamic Parameter Changes 496
Creating an SPFILE or PFILE from Memory . 497
Starting Up and Shutting Down the Database from SQL*Plus 497
Starting the Database . 497
Automatically Starting Databases . 499
Restricting Database Access . 501
Shutting Down the Database . 502
Quiescing a Database . 505
Suspending a Database . 505
Dropping a Database . 506
Using the Data Dictionary to Monitor Database Status 507
What Next? . 507
PART 4 ■ ■ ■ Connectivity and User Management
■CHAPTER 11 Connectivity and Networking 511
Oracle Networking and Database Connectivity 511
Networking Concepts: How Oracle Networking Works 513
How a Web Application Connects to Oracle . 513
Database Instance Names . 514
Global Database Names . 514
Database Service Names 514
Connect Descriptors 514
Connect Identifiers . 515
Connect Strings 515
Establishing Oracle Connectivity 516
The Oracle Client 517
Installing the Oracle Client . 518
Using the TWO_TASK Environment Variable 519
The Instant Client 519
Installing the Instant Client 519
xxii ■CONTENTS
The Listener and Connectivity 520
Automatic Service Registration . 521
Listener Commands 522
Listener Management 523
Naming and Connectivity 525
The Local Naming Method . 525
The Easy Connect Naming Method 529
Database Resident Connection Pooling 531
The External Naming Method 533
The Directory Naming Method . 534
Oracle and Java Database Connectivity 537
Establishing Database Connectivity . 538
Working with the Database 538
A Complete Program . 541
■CHAPTER 12 User Management and Database Security 543
Managing Users . 544
Temporary and Default Tablespaces 544
Creating a New User 544
Altering a User . 547
Dropping a User . 547
Creating and Using User Profiles 548
Managing Resources . 554
The Database Resource Manager . 554
Using the Database Resource Manager 555
Using OEM to Administer the Database Resource Manager . 566
Controlling Database Access . 567
Privileges in an Oracle Database . 567
Roles 574
Using Views and Stored Procedures to Manage Privileges 577
DBA Views for Managing Users, Roles, and Privileges 577
Fine-Grained Data Access . 578
Auditing Database Usage 586
Standard Auditing 587
Fine-Grained Auditing . 593
Authenticating Users . 596
Database Authentication 596
External Authentication . 601
Proxy Authentication 602
Centralized User Authorization . 602
■CONTENTS xxiii
Enterprise User Security . 603
Shared Schemas . 603
Single Sign-On 603
Data Encryption 603
Tablespace Encryption 608
Oracle Internet Directory 611
Database Security Dos and Don’ts 611
Automatic Secure Configuration 611
User Accounts . 611
Passwords 611
Operating System Authentication . 612
Database Auditing 612
Granting Privileges . 612
Dealing with Environments with Multiple DBAs . 613
Protecting the Data Dictionary . 613
Setting Permissions 613
The Network and the Listener 614
Fine-Grained Network Access Control . 615
Oracle’s Advanced Security Option 618
Application Security 618
Useful Techniques for Managing Users 619
PART 5 ■ ■ ■ Data Loading, Backup, and Recovery
■CHAPTER 13 Loading and Transforming Data . 625
An Overview of Extraction, Transformation, and Loading . 625
Using the SQL*Loader Utility . 627
Exploring the SQL*Loader Control File . 628
Generating Data During the Load . 636
Invoking SQL*Loader . 637
Exploring the Loader Log File 638
Using Return Codes 639
Using the Direct-Path Loading Method 639
Some Useful SQL*Loader Data-Loading Techniques . 642
xxiv ■CONTENTS
Using External Tables to Load Data . 645
Creating the External Table Layer . 646
Populating External Tables 649
Using an External Table . 652
Using SQL*Loader to Generate External Table
Creation Statements . 653
Transforming Data . 656
Deriving the Data from Existing Tables 656
Using SQL to Transform Data 657
Using the SQL MODEL Clause 666
Using Oracle Streams for Replication and Information Sharing 670
Exploring the Streams Architecture . 671
Setting Up Oracle Streams . 671
■CHAPTER 14 Using Data Pump Export and Import 677
Introduction to the Data Pump Technology . 677
Benefits of the Data Pump Technology 678
Uses for Data Pump Export and Import 679
Data Pump Components 680
Data-Access Methods 680
Data Pump Files . 681
Data Pump Privileges . 685
The Mechanics of a Data Pump Job . 685
Performing Data Pump Exports and Imports 686
Data Pump Export Methods 687
Data Pump Export Modes . 688
Data Pump Export Parameters . 689
Data Pump Export Examples . 704
Data Pump Import Types and Modes 705
Data Pump Import Parameters . 705
Monitoring a Data Pump Job . 713
Viewing Data Pump Jobs 713
Viewing Data Pump Sessions 714
Viewing Data Pump Job Progress . 714
Using the Data Pump API 715
Transportable Tablespaces 716
Uses for Transportable Tablespaces 716
Transporting a Tablespace 716
■CONTENTS xxv
Transporting Tablespaces Across Platforms with
Different Endian Formats . 720
■CHAPTER 15 Backing Up Databases . 725
Backing Up Oracle Databases 725
Important Backup Terms 726
Backup Guidelines . 728
Testing Your Backups . 730
Maintaining a Redundancy Set . 730
Backup Strategies 731
The Flash Recovery Area 734
Benefits of the Flash Recovery Area . 734
Setting the Size of the Flash Recovery Area 736
Ways to Create a Flash Recovery Area . 736
Backing Up the Flash Recovery Area 739
Working with the Flash Recovery Area . 740
Recovery Manager . 741
Benefits of RMAN 742
RMAN Architecture . 743
Connecting to RMAN . 745
Scripting with RMAN . 747
Important RMAN Terms . 752
Specifying Backup Tags and Backup Formats 753
Making Copies of RMAN Backups . 754
RMAN Backup Locations 755
RMAN Commands 755
RMAN Configuration Parameters . 761
Working with the Recovery Catalog . 766
Maintaining the Recovery Catalog 769
Virtual Private Catalogs . 772
Examples of RMAN Backups . 774
Restarting an RMAN Backup . 777
Specifying Limits for Backup Duration . 777
Incrementally Updated Backups 778
Fast Incremental Backups . 779
RMAN Compressed Backups . 780
Archival Backups 780
Monitoring and Verifying RMAN Jobs 782
Backing Up the Control File 784
xxvi ■CONTENTS
Oracle Secure Backup 785
Benefits of Oracle Secure Backup 786
Oracle Secure Backup Administrative Domain 786
Installing Oracle Secure Backup 786
Using the Oracle Backup Web Interface Tool . 788
Configuring Oracle Secure Backup 788
Performing Backups with Oracle Secure Backup 789
User-Managed Backups . 790
Making Whole Database Backups 790
Making Partial Database Backups 794
Monitoring User-Managed Online Backups . 794
Database Corruption Detection . 795
Detecting Media Corruption 795
Detecting Data Block Corruption 795
Enhanced Data Protection for Disaster Recovery 798
High-Availability Systems . 798
Oracle Data Guard and Standby Databases . 799
■CHAPTER 16 Database Recovery 801
Types of Database Failures 801
System Failures . 802
Data Center Disasters 802
Human Error 802
Media Failures . 802
Failures and Data Repair 803
The Oracle Recovery Process 804
Crash and Instance Recovery 804
Faster Instance Startup . 805
Media Recovery . 806
Media Recovery vs. Nonmedia Recoveries . 808
Performing Recovery with RMAN . 809
RMAN’s Advantages for Recovery 810
Using VALIDATE BACKUP to Validate RMAN Backups 810
Using the RESTORE . VALIDATE Command . 811
Using the RESTORE . PREVIEW Command . 811
Identifying Necessary Files for Recovery . 812
RMAN Recovery Procedures . 812
Recovering with Incrementally Updated Backups 812
■CONTENTS xxvii
Monitoring RMAN Jobs 813
User-Managed Recovery Procedures 813
Typical Media Recovery Scenarios 814
Complete Recovery of a Whole Database 814
Recovering a Tablespace 817
Recovering a Datafile . 818
Incomplete Recovery . 820
Recovering from the Loss of Control Files 824
Recovering a Datafile Without a Backup . 828
The Data Recovery Advisor 829
Working with the Data Recovery Advisor . 830
Cloning a Database . 833
Using RMAN to Clone a Database . 834
Using Database Control to Clone a Database . 838
Manually Cloning a Database 839
Techniques for Granular Recovery 840
Tablespace Point-in-Time Recovery . 840
Using LogMiner for Precision Recovery 841
Flashback Techniques and Recovery 847
Flashback Levels 848
Flashback vs. Traditional Recovery Techniques . 848
Flashback Drop 849
Flashback Database 853
Using Restore Points . 861
Guaranteed Restore Points 862
Viewing Restore Points 863
Repairing Data Corruption and Trial Recovery . 864
Block Media Recovery 864
Trial Recovery . 865
Troubleshooting Recovery Errors . 866
The ORA-01194 Error . 866
The ORA-01152 Error . 867
The ORA-00376 Error . 868
The Transaction Backout Feature . 868
Flashback Data Archive . 870
Managing the Flashback Data Archive . 870
Enabling the Flashback Data Archive 872
Using Flashback Data Archives: Examples . 873
xxviii ■CONTENTS