Tiến Sĩ Domestication of black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) in recirculation systems in Vietnam

LUẬN ÁN TIẾN SĨ THỦY SẢN (Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of
Doctor (PhD) in Applied Biological Sciences)

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter I. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1
Chapter II. LITERATURE REVIEW .9
Domestication techniques for black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon (Fabricius,
1798): a literature review. 11
Chapter III. REARING SYSTEM. .35
Effect of water exchange, salinity regime, stocking density and diets on growth and
survival of domesticated black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon (Fabricius, 1798)
reared in sand-based recirculating systems 37
Chapter IV. DOMESTICATION PROGRESS .55
Progress in the domestication of black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon (Fabricius,
1798) in a sand-based recirculation system in Vietnam .57
Chapter V. BROODSTOCK NUTRITION .77
Section I. A fresh-food maturation diet with an adequate HUFA composition for
broodstock nutrition studies in black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon (Fabricius,
1798) 79
Section II. Spawning performance and offspring quality of domesticated black
tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon fed a semi-moist maturation pellet 99
Chapter VI. GROW-OUT PERFORMANCE 119
Grow-out performance of domesticated Penaeus monodon (Fabricius, 1798) 121
Chapter VII. GENERAL DISCUSSION .129
Chapter VIII. REFERENCES 147
SUMMARY .169

Chapter I
General introduction
The black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon Fabricius (1798), is one of the largest penaeid shrimps in the world, reaching 270 mm in body length (Motoh, 1985), and is of considerable commercial importance in international markets. P. monodon is indigenous to Vietnam and has contributed significantly to the development of the aquaculture sector and hence the economy, with a national production between 350,000-400,000 tons a year, recently. According to VASEP (Phi et al., 2009), shrimp farming contributes around 40% in value of the total fisheries export turn-over of the country. In 2007, the national shrimp production of approximately 350,000 tons, was estimated to comprise of 270,000 tons of P. monodon and 80,000 tons of white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei (Merican, 2008). According to Jeff Jie-Cheng Chuang,
Vice president of Uni-President Vietnam, the annual nationwide demand for postlarvae is around 35 billion (Merican, 2008).
To date, shrimp hatcheries in Vietnam have been able to supply the demands of the commercial shrimp farms, but prevalence of diseases and the low quality of the postlarvae have resulted in huge damage to both the hatchery and grow-out sector. Disease outbreaks, especially White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV), Yellow Head Virus (YHV), Taura Syndrome Virus (TSV), Monodon BaculoVirus (MBV), etc. and
to a lesser extent, luminescent bacterial infections have resulted in a declining global production in recent years for shrimp farmers in Asia and in the America and this leads to an almost inevitable ‘boom-and-bust’ cycle of the shrimp farming industry
General introduction (Flegel et al., 2004). Another factor contributing to the unstable development of the shrimp farming industry is the reliance on wild shrimp broodstock for the hatchery industry due to fluctuations in supply and declining natural stocks. The fishing of wild
broodstock poses serious problems to the natural resource and from an ecological perspective, the fishing of wild stocks moreover is unacceptable in the long term. The use of wild broodstock shrimp also poses serious risks for vertical disease transmission from the breeders to the offspring, resulting in disease outbreaks and for this reason, viral diseases must be controlled at the broodstock level itself (Craig, 1998; Yano, 2000; Arce, 2005; Coman et al., 2005). Successful domestication of Penaeus monodon will ensure sufficient quantities of good quality broodstock and consequently reliable offspring production. The development of reliable domesticated stocks to produce high quality and SPF seed is therefore imperative to a long-term sustainable development of P. monodon aquaculture. With the goal of developing a successful domestication technique to produce SPF domesticated P. monodon stock, this thesis aimed to: i) develop a sandbased recirculation system for the indoor domestication of P. monodon, ii) develop a protocol for each rearing phase of the domestication process in the developed recirculation system; iii) develop suitable broodstock diets and feeding regimes to improve reproductive performance, more specifically fecundity and egg hatching success, of the domesticated P. monodon stock; and iv) evaluate the grow-out performance of the offspring, produced from the domesticated stocks, at a commercial farm environment. The overall goal of this study was to contribute to the sustainable development of the P. monodon farming sector in Vietnam through development of techniques that could lead to the commercialization of domesticated breeder stocks.