Tiến Sĩ Competitiveness of vietnamese labor export in north-east asia market A comparison across asean count

Luận án tiến sĩ năm 2013
Đề tài: COMPETITIVENESS OF VIETNAMESE LABOR EXPORT IN NORTH-EAST ASIA MARKET: A COMPARISON ACROSS ASEAN COUNTRIES
Năng lực cạnh tranh của lao động xuất khẩu Việt Nam trong thị trường Đông Bắc Á: So sánh giữa các nước ASEAN
Luận án bằng Tiếng Anh


TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE Page
APPROVAL SHEET . ii
DEDICATION . iii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT iv
ABSTRACT .v
TABLE OF CONTENTS . vi
LIST OF TABLES . viii
LIST OF FIGURES .x
CHAPTER
1 INTRODUCTION 1
Background of the Study .1
Statement of the Problem 5
Objective of the Study 7
Hypothesis of the Study 8
Significance of the Study 8
Scope and Limitation of the Study 9
Definition of Terms .10
2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES 14
Related Literature 14
Related Studies 32
Conceptual Framework .43
3 METHODOLOGY .45
Research Design 45
vii
Time and Place of Study .46
Sampling .46
Respondents of the Study 47
Data collection 48
Research Instruments 48
Methods of Analysis .50
4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 53
5 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS.100
Summary of Findings .100
Conclusions .103
Recommendations .104
BIBLIOGRAPHY 107
QUESTIONNAIRE .112
APPENDIX .121
CURRICULUM VITAE 123


ABSTRACT
In recent years, the world has witnessed the economic recovery of a number of
countries affected by financial crisis in the period 2008 to 2009. International
economy is in ongoing strong growth, but unemployment all over the world puts
pressure on labor and jobs. Each year, Vietnam economy have more than 1 million
new labors and labor status is always excessive as we mention before. Exporting labor
is essential way to solve this issue and earning foreign currency for economy.
Competition happen in everywhere and every sectors, including labor export. Hence,
determining competitiveness of Vietnamese labor is a key point to develop.
With this point of view, the dissertation proposes a system of a set of
criteria to evaluate the competitiveness of labor export. Base on these indicators,
the dissertation evaluated competitiveness of labor export under two points of
view: Direct assessment of international employers and indirect evaluation by
comparing capacity of labor export and qualifications of international employers.
In addition, the dissertation compared the perceived competitiveness of labor
export across countries and markets.
Further, the dissertation uses multivariate regression equation to evaluate
fully factors affecting to competitiveness of export labors in North-East Asia
market. Base on these analyses, the dissertation proposes value recommendations
to improve competitiveness of Vietnamese labor export. They are highly value
information for government in building plans and strategies of labor export.


Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
In the last some years, the world has witnessed the economic recovery of a
number of countries affected by financial crisis in the period 2008 to 2009.
International economy is in ongoing strong growth. However, the unemployment all
over the world puts pressure on labor and jobs. Obtaining the moving regular of
international labor market, Vietnam already offered specific policies and resolutions
to expand some new labor markets. In particular, the Communist Party of Vietnam
and its Government defined that labor and specialist export is an important external
economic sector and is also a part of handling employment policy. This policy is put
in the annual target by the Congress.
Expanding the labor export market is a suitable economic development
direction with an open integration path. This expansion takes part in handling jobs for
the laborers throughout the nation. Labor exportation contributes to eliminate famine
and reduce poverty. The remittance from about a half million employees, including
technicians and unskilled employees who live in 40 countries and regions, contributes
a lot to the national budget (approximately 1.6 billion dollars per year). Recently,
labor exportation strongly develops and positively participates in handling
employment policy, increasing income, creating stabilization and developing the
country. However, the requirements for labor exportation is stricter and stricter
regarding labor qualification, workmanship, work regulations and foreign language,
especially for works in workshop, factory. Nowadays, Vietnamese laborers who work
overseas basically match foreign demands but their skills and qualifications are still so
2
limited that this makes it hard to attack any developed economy’s labor market.
Hence, what we must do is to make Vietnamese labor strong and to affirm our
trademark in international market. It requires the real action of the government, the
enterprises, the managers, and the employees interested in labor exportation.
There are many factors, which influence the labor export. Firstly, the
economic crisis dramatically influenced the context in which a growing number of
international migrants had begun to spread from poorer to more industrialized
countries. Secondly, the universalization also affects labor export in a positive way.
Thirdly, competitiveness is one main influence on labor export. In addition, global
labor market is also very important factor.
The labor market is a generalized concept denoting the interaction between the
supply (number of persons available for work) and the demand (number of jobs
available) and the wage rate. The high-income countries are always the potential
destinations for migrant workers.
Labor export in recent years has been one effective solution to generating
employment, helping to increase workers' income and earning foreign currency for the
country. According to the Department of Overseas Labor (DOLAB) (2011) which is
under the direct management of the Ministry of Labor, Invalids and Social Affairs
(MOLISA), since 2001 more than 295,000 Vietnamese have gone to work abroad,
bringing the total number of Vietnamese workers in foreign countries to 400,000. In
2005, the country sent nearly 70,600 workers abroad, a 5 percent year on year
increase. The overseas workers have remitted about 1.6 billion USD to the country.
The labor export sector is one of Vietnam's 1 billion USD export value earners.
Labor export has also helped generate jobs in related services, such as job and
foreign language training, thus reducing the pressure of the matter of employment for
3
workers in the country. Labor export businesses have annually contributed to the State
budget tens of billions of VND from their profits and management fees.
The number of Vietnamese workers in traditional markets has remarkably
increased, including more than 30,000 workers in the Republic of Korea, 10,000
workers in Malaysia, 90,000 workers in Taiwan, and 20,000 workers in Japan.
Vietnamese workers have been also sent to Canada, United States of
America, Australia, Italy and some Middle Eastern countries. These new markets are
attractive for their high wages and proper worker protection laws (DOLAB, 2011).
Vietnam has licensed more than 100 businesses for labor exports, including
40 businesses specializing in labor supply. Many businesses of ministries and
localities have sent large numbers of workers abroad and have taken a high level of
responsibility for their workers, particularly in reducing risks (DOLAB, 2011).
According to MOLISA (2011), in the coming years, Vietnam has a chance to
expand markets for labor exports as the world labor market is in great need of foreign
workers, for a variety of work in construction, manufacturing, electronics assembly,
garment and textile, services, hospitality, health care, domestic labor, sea transport,
fishing, seafood processing, forestry and agriculture, which are suitable to Vietnamese
workers.
Vietnam now has more than 44 million people of working age, with about 1.2
million more people per year reaching working age, a major resource of work force
supply for the domestic and foreign labor markets. According to foreign employers,
Vietnamese workers are industrious, clever and creative. The rate of exported workers
given job training has increased from 35 percent in 2003 to nearly 50 percent in 2005
(DOLAB, 2011).


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