Sách Catalytic Reforming

Table of Contents







Ch.1 Basic Principles 1



1.1 Introduction 2

1.2 The Problem of Antiknock Quality 2

1.3 Octane Number . 2

1.4 Composition Effect on Octane Number . 3

1.5 Reforming . 6

1.5.1 Thermal Reforming . 6

1.5.2 Catalytic Reforming 7

1.6 Feed Treatment By Hydrogen . 11

1.6.1 Hydrofining . 12





Ch.2 The Catalytic Reforming Process . 14



2.1 Introduction 15

2.2 Feed to Catalytic Reforming 16

2.3 Product from Catalytic Reforming . 17

2.3.1 The Typical Yield 18

2.3.2 Reformate Composition . 19

2.3.3 Reformate Specification . . 20

2.4 Catalytic Reforming Techniques 22

2.4.1 Fixed-Bed Technology 24

2.4.2 Moving-Bed Technology . 34

2.4.3 Fluid-Bed Technology . 41





Ch.3 Process Chemical Reactions and Thermodynamics . 43



3.1 Introduction 44

3.2 Process Reactions . 44

3.2.1 Dehydrogenation of Naphthenes . 44

3.2.2 Isomerization of Paraffins and Naphthenes . 45

3.2.3 Dehydrocyclization of Paraffins . . 45

3.2.4 Hydrocracking and Dealkylation . 45

3.3 Relative Reaction Rate . 47

3.4 Heats of Reaction . 50



Ch.4 Catalytic Reforming Catalyst . 51



4.1 Introduction . . 52

4.1.1 Classification of Catalyst . 52

4.1.2 Main Types of Catalyst . 54

4.1.3 General Catalyst Characterization and Properties . 54

4.2 Types of Catalytic Reforming Catalyst 57

4.2.1 Platinum on Chlorinated Alumina . 57

4.2.2 Bimetallic 58

4.3 Effect of Platinum content of Catalyst . 60

4.4 Catalyst Preparation 61

4.4.1 Optimization of the Formation 61

4.4.2 Unit Operations . 62

4.5 Reaction Mechanisms . 68

4.5.1 Hydrogen Action . 69

4.5.2 Sulfur Action . 71

4.6 Catalyst Deactivation 73

4.6.1 Characterization of Coke . 73

4.6.2 Effects of Reaction Conditions on Coking Deactivation . 74

4.6.3 Mechanism of Coke Formation . 78

4.6.4 Poisoning of Naphtha Reforming Catalyst 80

4.7 Catalyst Regeneration . 87

4.7.1 Effect of the Type of Process on Cycle length 87

4.7.2 Catalyst Regeneration Steps 87

4.7.3 Factors Affecting Coked Catalyst Reactivity 87

4.7.4 Regeneration of coked Catalyst . 87

4.7.5 Regeneration of Sulfur-Contaminated Catalyst . 91

4.8 Procedure of Regeneration . 92

4.8.1 Pre-Shutdown 92

4.8.2 Shutdown . 92

4.8.3 Carbon Burn 92

4.8.4 Oxidation . 93

4.8.5 Cool Down . 93

4.8.6 Nitrogen Purge . 93

4.8.7 Reduction . 93

4.8.8 Sulfate Removal 94

4.8.9 Start-Up . 94





Ch.5 Catalyst Reforming Parameters . 95



5.1 Introduction . . 96

5.2 Temperature . . 96

5.3 Reaction Pressure . 98

5.4 Hydrogen to Hydrocarbon Ratio 99

5.5 Space Velocity 101

5.6 Feedstock Properties . 102





Ch.6 Hazard Assessment 105





Ch.7 Plant Design . 118





Ch.8 Design . 122



8.1 Material Balance . 123

8.2 Heat Exchanger Design . . 126

8.3 Furnace Design . 143

8.4 Reactor Design . 163

8.5 Stabilizer Design 168

8.6 Pump Design 177

8.7 Compressor Design 182

8.8 Tank Design . 187





References 191