Tài liệu Beginning Ubuntu Linux

About the Authors xxi
About the Technical Reviewers xxii
Introduction . xxiii
Part 1: Introducing the World of Linux .1
■ Chapter 1: Meet Ubuntu Linux 3
Ten Reasons to Try Ubuntu Linux .3
What Is Ubuntu Linux Anyway? .4
Ubuntu Linux Is an Operating System 4
Ubuntu Is a Distribution of Linux, Based on Debian .5
Ubuntu Linux Is a Full Desktop Solution .6
The Ubuntu Linux Experience 6
“Linux for Human Beings” 6
A Powerful yet Flexible Operating System .7
Continuous Improvements .8
The Product Family 9
The Ubuntu Linux Community .10
Praise for Ubuntu Linux .11
Should I Stop Using Windows? .11
Ubuntu Linux and its Strengths 12
Summary .12
■ Chapter 2: GNU slash Linux 13
UNIX .13
The Rise of the IBM PC and of Microsoft .14
RMS on Free Software .14
Copyleft .15
The Quest for a UNIX-like Operating System .16
Linus Torvalds and His Little Project .16
GNU “slash” Linux .17
The Linux Diaspora 18
Open Source 20
The South African Factor .20
The Year of the Linux Desktop .21
Summary .22
Part 2: Installing Ubuntu .23
■ Chapter 3: Pre-installation Steps .25
Understanding Partitioning 25
Freeing Up Space .28
Reclaiming Space 28
Removing Windows 29
Using Another Hard Disk .29
Backing Up Your Data 31
Backing Up E-Mail Files 33
Making Notes .33
Summary .34
■ Chapter 4: Installing Ubuntu 35
An Overview of the Installation Process 35
A Stage-by-Stage Installation Guide 37
Stage 1: Prepare the Windows Partition for Resizing .37
Stage 2: Boot from the DVD-ROM .39
Stage 3: Try or Install .40
Stage 4: Select Your Location and Time Zone 41
Stage 5: Confirm Your Keyboard Layout .42
Stage 6: Repartition Your Hard Disk .43
Stage 7: Set Up a User 54
Stage 8: Import Documents and Settings .56
Stage 9: Confirm Installation Choices .56
Stage 10: Perform Installation 57
Stage 11: Reboot and Enjoy Ubuntu! 58
Summary .61
■ Chapter 5: Solving Installation Problems 63
A. Preinstallation Problems 63
The Disc Doesn’t Boot 63
The Computer Is Having a Kernel Panic .64
The DVD Starts to Boot, but the Screen Goes Blank or Corrupted 64
The Computer Freezes During Installation .65
Installer “Unrecoverable Error” Message .66
My Notebook Display Looks Corrupted During Installation 66
I’m Using a KVM, and the Screen Looks Wrong .66
B. Installation Problems .67
I’m Offered Only a Text Login .67
The Computer Can’t Find My Hard Disk 68
I See Lots of Hard Disks in the Partitioner 68
I Have Too Many Partitions .68
C. Postinstallation Problems 69
My Monitor Resolution Is Not Recognized 69
My Keyboard or Mouse Isn’t Working .69
The Computer No Longer Boots 70
Ubuntu Is Working, but Windows Won’t Boot .70
I Can See Only a Text Login Prompt .71
Graphical Problems 71
Summary .74
Part 3: The No-Nonsense Getting Started Guide .75
■ Chapter 6: Booting Ubuntu for the First Time 77
Starting Up .77
Logging In 79
Exploring the Desktop 80
First Impressions .81
Exploring the Panels 83
Shutting Down or Restarting Ubuntu 85
Quick Desktop Guides 86
Running Programs .90
Working with Virtual Desktops 90
Using the Mouse 92
Cutting and Pasting Text 93
Summary .93
■ Chapter 7: Getting Everything Up and Running 95
Will Ubuntu Support My Hardware? .95
Using Proprietary vs. Open Source Drivers .97
Installing Device Manager 98
Configuring Ubuntu 99
Configuring Input Devices 100
Configuring Mouse Options 100
Changing Keyboard Settings 103
Creating Keyboard Shortcuts 106
Getting Online 106
Using NetworkManager .107
Configuring Wired Networking .108
Connecting to a Wireless Network .110
Installing Windows Wireless Network Device Drivers 113
Connecting to a Mobile Broadband Network 121
Working with a Proxy Server 123
Adding a Printer .124
Configuring a Local Printer .125
Configuring a Network Printer 127
Configuring a Windows/SMB Shared Printer 128
Administering a Printer .130
Using Digital Cameras, MP3 Players, and USB Memory Sticks .130
Configuring a Scanner .132
Installing 3D Drivers and Activating Desktop Visual Effects 133
Configuring Bluetooth 135
Pairing Bluetooth Devices .136
Transferring Files Between Bluetooth Devices .137
Using a Bluetooth Keyboard or Mouse .139
Configuring Sound Cards .140
Using Power-Management Preferences 141
Summary .145
■ Chapter 8: How to Secure Your Computer .147
Windows Security vs. Linux Security .147
Root and Ordinary Users 148
Encryption 150
Setting Up for Encryption 151
Encrypting and Decrypting Files .160
Signing and Encrypting E-Mail .164
Commonsense Security. .165
Online Updates .166
Configuring the Ubuntu Firewall . 169
Installing Firestarter .169
Configuring Firestarter .170
Adding Virus Scanning to Ubuntu . 175
Installing ClamTk .175
Updating the ClamAV Database. 176
Scanning for Viruses 176
Dealing with Infections 178
Summary .180
■ Chapter 9: Personalizing Ubuntu: Getting Everything Just Right .181
Changing the Look and Feel . 181
Altering the Theme .182
Changing the Desktop Background . 187
Setting Font Preferences 188
Using Desktop Visual Effects 189
Changing Your Login Picture 198
Adding and Removing Desktop Items. 199
Adding a Shortcut 199
Personalizing the Panels . 202
Adding and Removing Menus. .202
Moving Panel Items 204
Working with Applets .204
Summary . .207
■ Chapter 10: Managing Your Data .209
Using Nautilus 209
Changing the View Mode 212
Searching for Files .213
Working with File and Folder Icons 214
Special Nautilus Windows 214
Launching Files and Running Programs .216
Viewing File Sizes and Other Information .218
Tips and Tricks for Nautilus 218
The Home Folder .219
Understanding File System Concepts 222
The File System Explained 222
Drive References .225
Names of Files .225
Real Files and Virtual Files 226
Working with Disks and Volumes 228
Mounting Volumes .228
Viewing Disk and Volume Information 229
Managing Disks .230
Managing Volumes .231
Advanced File Operations 231
Working with Files in Windows Partitions 232
Accessing Networked Files 232
Sharing a Folder from Within Ubuntu .234
Accessing Removable Storage Devices 235
Working in the Computer Window 235
Ejecting Media .236
Summary .237
Part 4: Working and Playing with Ubuntu 239
■ Chapter 11: A World of Applications 241
Available Software .241
A Quick Start with Common Ubuntu Programs 244
Word Processing: OpenOffice.org Writer 244
Spreadsheet: OpenOffice.org Calc 246
Presentations: OpenOffice.org Impress 247
Database: OpenOffice.org Base 249
E-Mail/Personal Information Manager: Evolution .250
Web Browser: Firefox .251
Audio Playback: Rhythmbox .253
Movie Playback: Totem Movie Player .254
CD/DVD Burning: Brasero/Nautilus CD/DVD Creator .255
Photo Editing: F-Spot and GIMP 256
Other Handy Applications 257
Calculator 258
Archive Manager .258
Dictionary 259
Empathy Instant Messaging Client .260
Ekiga 261
Games 262
Windows Applications 263
Summary .264
■ Chapter 12: Working with Text Files 265
Text: A History Lesson .265
Piping and Redirecting .265
The Text Editor Wars 269
Working with Text Files .270
Introducing gedit .270
Working with gedit .272
Comparing Multiple Files with Diffuse 277
Summary .278
■ Chapter 13: Making the Move to OpenOffice.org .279
Similarities to Microsoft Office 279
OpenOffice.org Key Features .281
File Compatibility .281
The Right Fonts 284
Copying Windows Fonts .285
Installing TrueType Core Fonts .285
Introducing the Interface .287
Customizing the Interface 288
Adding Functions to Toolbars .288
Adding a New Toolbar 290
Customizing Menus 290
Personalizing the Look and Feel .291
Configuring OpenOffice.org Options .291
Using OpenOffice.org Core Functions 292
Using Wizards 292
Getting Help .293
Inserting Objects with Object Linking and Embedding .293
Creating Macros 295
Saving Files .295
Beginning OpenOffice.org Applications .296
OpenOffice.org Word Processor: Writer 297
OpenOffice.org Spreadsheet: Calc 300
OpenOffice.org Presentation: Impress 303
Summary .307
■ Chapter 14: Communicating with Others .309
Introducing Evolution .309
Basic E-Mail Tasks 311
Configuring E-Mail Access .311
Sending and Receiving E-Mail 313
Reading E-Mail 315
Deleting Messages .315
Flagging Messages 316
Composing a Message .317
Creating an E-Mail Signature .319
Advanced E-Mail Tasks .320
Creating New Folders .320
Dealing with Junk E-Mail .321
Sorting and Filtering Messages 321
Creating Search Folders .323
Contacts .324
Adding or Editing Contact Information 324
Creating a Contact List .326
Calendars .326
Specifying Appointment Types .326
Adding or Editing a Diary Entry .327
Additional Calendars 329
Memos and Tasks 330
Configuring Instant Messaging 331
Installing Skype .334
Ekiga .335
Summary .336
■ Chapter 15: Social Networks and Cloud Computing 337
Social Networking Applications .338
Introducing the MeMenu 338
Microblogging with Gwibber 340
Cloud-Based Services 342
Storing Your Data Online with Ubuntu One .342
Sending Photos to the Cloud with F-Spot .347
Summary .348
■ Chapter 16: Digital Audio .349
Issues Surrounding Multimedia Playback .349
Playing Audio Files .351
Installing Codecs in a Single Package 352
Installing Codecs when Required .353
Using Rhythmbox Music Player 355
Purchasing from Online Music Stores .357
Using the Jamendo Store .358
Purchasing from Magnatune 358
Purchasing from Ubuntu One .359
Tuning In to Online Radio Stations .360
Listening to Podcasts 361
Listening to Audio CDs and Ripping Tracks 362
Choosing a Format .363
Ripping Tracks .364
Creating Your Own CDs 365
Recording from a Microphone .367
Summary .368
■ Chapter 17: Movies and Multimedia 369
Installing Playback Software .369
Installing Codecs .370
Installing RealPlayer 11 371
Adding Flash Support .373
Adding Java Support 374
Watching Movies .375
Watching DVDs 377
Watching TV .381
Checking for Video Input 381
Installing tvtime .381
Summary .382
■ Chapter 18: Digital Photos .383
Downloading and Cataloging Images 383
Connecting Your Camera 383
Importing Photos Using F-Spot .384
Using GIMP for Image Editing 388
The Basics of GIMP 393
Making Color Corrections .395
Cropping and Healing .397
Applying Filters 397
Sharpening 400
Summary .401
■ Chapter 19: Playing Games 403
Linux Games 403
Official Sources .403
Additional Sources .407
Adobe Flash and Web-based Gaming 408
Installing Windows Games .410
Summary .411
Part 5: Keeping Your System Running 413
■ Chapter 20: Installing and Removing Software .415
Using the Ubuntu Software Center 416
Navigating the Ubuntu Software Center .416
Browsing and Searching for Software 418
Software Installation Basics 421
Formats of Linux Installation Files 421
Package Management .422
Dependency Management 423
Software Repositories 424
Advanced Application Management 428
Managing Ubuntu Software Options 429
Adding Software Sources 430
Managing Software Updates .431
The Synaptic Package Manager in Depth 433
Searching for Software .433
Installing Software .435
Removing Software 437
Manually Installing Using Gdebi .437
Installing Windows Applications with Wine .438
Installing and Configuring Wine 438
Installing a Windows Application 439
Installing from Source .440
Installing the Compiler Tools 440
Unpacking the Source Tarball and Solving Dependencies .440
Compiling .441
Summary .442
■ Chapter 21: Understanding Linux Users and File Permissions 443
Understanding User and Group Accounts 443
Users and Groups .443
Root User .444
Users and File Permissions 445
Root vs. Sudo .446
UIDs and GIDs 447
Adding and Deleting Users and Groups 447
Adding and Changing Passwords .450
Understanding File and Folder Permissions 452
Viewing Permissions 452
Typical Data File Permissions .453
Permissions on a User’s Directory 454
Permissions on a Directory Owned by Root .454
Altering Permissions 455
Summary .458
■ Chapter 22: Optimizing Your System .459
Speeding Up Booting .459
Reducing the Boot Menu Delay 460
Managing GNOME Sessions .461
Prelinking .464
Configuring Prelinking 465
Deactivating Prelinking 465
Optimizing the Kernel 466
Freeing Up Disk Space .467
Emptying the /tmp Folder .468
Emptying the Cache of Package Files 468
Removing Unused Software .469
Summary .470
■ Chapter 23: Backing Up Data .471
What Data Should You Back Up? .471
Using Simple Backup .472
Backing Up Data via Simple Backup 473
Restoring Data via Simple Backup .476
Managing Archive Files 478
Saving the File to a CD-R/RW or to a DVD-R .479
Summary .480
■ Chapter 24: Scheduling Tasks .481
Scheduling with GNOME Scheduler .481
Creating a Recurrent Task 482
Scheduling One-Off Tasks 485
Scheduling with anacron .486
Summary .488
■ Chapter 25: Accessing Computers Remotely .489
Using Secure Shell .489
Logging In to a Remote Computer 490
Transferring Files Between Remote Computers .493
Accessing GUI Applications Remotely .495
Running X Applications on a Remote Computer .496
Accessing Ubuntu via Remote Desktop 497
Connecting to Remote Windows Computers .498
Connecting to Windows 7 and Vista .498
Connecting to Windows XP Professional, 2000, and NT .499
Connecting to Other Computers .500
Summary .501
■ Chapter 26: Taking Control of the System .503
Viewing Processes .503
Controlling Processes 507
Killing Processes .507
Controlling Zombie Processes 509
Using Other Commands to Control Processes 510
Controlling Jobs .511
Summary .513
Part 6: Appendixes .515
■ Appendix A: Introducing the BASH Shell 517
■ Appendix B: Glossary of Linux Terms 553
■ Appendix C: Getting Further Help .575
■ Appendix D: Exploring the DVD-ROM and Other Ubuntu Versions 583
Index .595