Sách Azar's Fundamentals of English Grammar Teacher's Guide, 3rd Edition

Title: Fundamentals of English Grammar Teacher's Guide

Author(s): Betty Schrampfer Azar, Barbara F. Matthies and Shelley Hartle

Publisher: Longman

Date: 2003; 3rd Edition

Pages: 224

Size: 11 Mb

Format: PDF

Quality: High

Language: English

Contents:

This Teacher's Guide is intended as a practical aid to teachers. You can turn to it for notes on the content of a unit and how to approach the exercises, for suggestions for classroom activities, and for answers to the exercises.

iii

Contents

PREFACE vii

INTRODUCTION . ix

General Aims of Fundamentals of English Grammar ix

Classroom Techniques ix

Suggestions for Presenting the Grammar Charts . ix

Degrees of Teacher and Student Involvement xi

Interactive Group and Pair Work . xi

Monitoring Errors in Interactive Work xii

Techniques for Exercise Types xii

Fill-in-the-Blanks and Controlled Completion Exercises . xii

Open Completion Exercises xiii

Transformation and Combination Exercises xiv

Oral Exercises xiv

Writing Exercises xv

Error-Analysis Exercises . xv

Preview Exercises . xvi

Discussion-of-Meaning Exercises xvi

Games and Activities . xvi

Pronunciation Exercises . xvi

Seatwork xvii

Homework xvii

Using the Workbook . xvii

Supplementary Resource Texts . xviii

Notes on American vs. British English xviii

Differences in Grammar . xviii

Differences in Spelling xix

Differences in Vocabulary xix

Key to Pronunciation Symbols xx

The Phonetic Alphabet (Symbols for American English) . xx

Consonants xx

Vowels xx

NOTES AND ANSWERS 1

Chapter 1 PRESENT TIME . 1

1-1 The simple present and the present progressive . 4

1-2 Forms of the simple present and the present progressive 4

1-3 Frequency adverbs 7

1-4 Final -s . 8

1-5 Spelling of final -s/-es 9

1-6 Non-action verbs . 12

1-7 Present verbs: short answers to yes/no questions . 12Chapter 2 PAST TIME . 14

2-1 Expressing past time: the simple past 15

2-2 Forms of the simple past: regular verbs 15

2-3 Forms of the simple past: be 15

2-4 Regular verbs: pronunciation of -ed endings 17

2-5 Spelling of -ing and -ed forms 18

2-6 The principal parts of a verb 19

2-7 Irregular verbs: a reference list . 20

2-8 The simple past and the past progressive . 22

2-9 Forms of the past progressive . 22

2-10 Expressing past time: using time clauses . 25

2-11 Expressing past habit: used to . 26

Chapter 3 FUTURE TIME . 28

3-1 Expressing future time: be going to and will . 29

3-2 Forms with be going to . 29

3-3 Forms with will . 31

3-4 Sureness about the future 32

3-5 Be going to vs. will 33

3-6 Expressing the future in time clauses and if-clauses . 34

3-7 Using the present progressive to express future time 36

3-8 Using the simple present to express future time 37

3-9 Immediate future: using be about to 38

3-10 Parallel verbs 38

Chapter 4 THE PRESENT PERFECT AND THE PAST PERFECT 41

4-1 Past participle . 42

4-2 Forms of the present perfect 42

4-3 Meanings of the present perfect 43

4-4 Simple past vs. present perfect . 44

4-5 Using since and for 47

4-6 Present perfect progressive . 48

4-7 Present perfect progressive vs. present perfect . 49

4-8 Using already, yet, still, and anymore . 50

4-9 Past perfect . 53

Chapter 5 ASKING QUESTIONS . 56

5-1 Yes/no questions and short answers . 57

5-2 Yes/no questions and information questions 58

5-3 Where, why, when, and what time 59

5-4 Questions with who, who(m), and what 60

5-5 Spoken and written contractions with question words . 61

5-6 Using what ￿ a form of do 63

5-7 Using what kind of 63

5-8 Using which 64

5-9 Using whose . 64

5-10 Using how . 65

5-11 Using how often 66

5-12 Using how far 66

5-13 Length of time: it ￿ take and how long . 66

5-14 More questions with how 67

5-15 Using how about and what about 70

5-16 Tag questions . 71

Chapter 6 NOUNS AND PRONOUNS . 72

6-1 Pronunciation of final -s/-es 74

6-2 Plural forms of nouns . 75

6-3 Subjects, verbs, and objects . 75

6-4 Objects of prepositions 77

6-5 Prepositions of time 78

6-6 Word order: place and time . 79

6-7 Subject–verb agreement . 79

iv CONTENTS6-8 Using adjectives to describe nouns . 79

6-9 Using nouns as adjectives 80

6-10 Personal pronouns: subjects and objects . 82

6-11 Possessive nouns . 83

6-12 Possessive pronouns and adjectives . 84

6-13 Reflexive pronouns . 84

6-14 Singular forms of other: another vs. the other 85

6-15 Plural forms of other: other(s) vs. the other(s) . 85

6-16 Summary of forms of other 86

Chapter 7 MODAL AUXILIARIES . 88

7-1 The form of modal auxiliaries . 89

7-2 Expressing ability: can and could 90

7-3 Expressing possibility: may and might

Expressing permission: may and can . 91

7-4 Using could to express possibility 91

7-5 Polite questions: may I, could I, can I 93

7-6 Polite questions: would you, could you, will you, can you 94

7-7 Expressing advice: should and ought to . 94

7-8 Expressing advice: had better . 95

7-9 Expressing necessity: have to, have got to, must 96

7-10 Expressing lack of necessity: do not have to

Expressing prohibition: must not 96

7-11 Making logical conclusions: must 97

7-12 Giving instructions: imperative sentences 98

7-13 Making suggestions: let’s and why don’t 99

7-14 Stating preferences: prefer, like . better, would rather 100

Chapter 8 CONNECTING IDEAS . 102

8-1 Connecting ideas with and 104

8-2 Connecting ideas with but and or . 105

8-3 Connecting ideas with so . 106

8-4 Using auxiliary verbs after but and and 107

8-5 Using and ￿ too, so, either, neither 108

8-6 Connecting ideas with because 109

8-7 Connecting ideas with even though/although . 111

Chapter 9 COMPARISONS 114

9-1 Making comparisons with as . as 116

9-2 Comparative and superlative . 117

9-3 Comparative and superlative forms of adjectives and adverbs . 118

9-4 Completing a comparative . 120

9-5 Modifying comparatives 121

9-6 Comparisons with less . than and not as . as 122

9-7 Unclear comparisons . 122

9-8 Using more with nouns 123

9-9 Repeating a comparative 123

9-10 Using double comparatives 124

9-11 Using superlatives . 124

9-12 Using the same, similar, different, like, alike 127

Chapter 10 THE PASSIVE 130

10-1 Active sentences and passive sentences . 131

10-2 Form of the passive 131

10-3 Transitive and intransitive verbs . 133

10-4 Using the by-phrase . 134

10-5 The passive forms of the present and past progressive 136

10-6 Passive modal auxiliaries 136

10-7 Using past participles as adjectives (stative passive) 137

10-8 Participial adjectives: -ed vs. -ing . 139

10-9 Get ￿ adjective; get ￿ past participle 140

10-10 Using be used/accustomed to and get used/accustomed to . 140

Contents v10-11 Used to vs. be used to . 141

10-12 Using be supposed to . 142

Chapter 11 COUNT/NONCOUNT NOUNS AND ARTICLES 143

11-1 A vs. an 144

11-2 Count and noncount nouns 145

11-3 Noncount nouns 146

11-4 More noncount nouns 146

11-5 Using several, a lot of, many/much, and a few/a little . 147

11-6 Nouns that can be count or noncount 148

11-7 Using units of measure with noncount nouns 149

11-8 Guidelines for article usage 150

11-9 Using the or Ø with names 152

11-10 Capitalization 152

Chapter 12 ADJECTIVE CLAUSES . 154

12-1 Adjective clauses: introduction . 155

12-2 Using who and whom in adjective clauses 156

12-3 Using who, who(m), and that in adjective clauses 157

12-4 Using which and that in adjective clauses . 158

12-5 Singular and plural verbs in adjective clauses . 160

12-6 Using prepositions in adjective clauses 160

12-7 Using whose in adjective clauses 162

Chapter 13 GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES 165

13-1 Verb ￿ gerund . 166

13-2 Go ￿ -ing 167

13-3 Verb ￿ infinitive 168

13-4 Verb ￿ gerund or infinitive 168

13-5 Preposition ￿ gerund 171

13-6 Using by and with to express how something is done 172

13-7 Using gerunds as subjects; using it ￿ infinitive . 173

13-8 It ￿ infinitive: using for (someone) . 174

13-9 Expressing purpose with in order to and for 176

13-10 Using infinitives with too and enough . 177

Chapter 14 NOUN CLAUSES 181

14-1 Noun clauses: introduction 182

14-2 Noun clauses that begin with a question word 182

14-3 Noun clauses with who, what, whose ￿ be . 183

14-4 Noun clauses that begin with if or whether . 185

14-5 Noun clauses that begin with that . 186

14-6 Other uses of that-clauses . 186

14-7 Substituting so for a that-clause in conversational responses . 188

14-8 Quoted speech . 188

14-9 Quoted speech vs. reported speech 189

14-10 Verb forms in reported speech 190

14-11 Common reporting verbs: tell, ask, answer/reply 191

Appendix 1 PHRASAL VERBS . 193

A1-1 Phrasal verbs: introduction 194

A1-2 Phrasal verbs: intransitive . 196

A1-3 Three-word phrasal verbs . 197

A1-4 Phrasal verbs: a reference list . 197

Appendix 2 PREPOSITION COMBINATIONS . 198

A2-1 Preposition combinations: introduction . 198

A2-2 Preposition combinations: a reference list . 201

INDEX . 202