Sách Analyzing the Grammar of English, 3rd Edition

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Title: Analyzing the Grammar of English

Author(s): Richard V. Teschner and Eston E. Evans

Publisher: Georgetown University Press

Date: 2007, 3rd Edition

Pages: 244

Size: 1.15 Mb

Format: PDF

Quality: High

Language: American English

[B][U]Contents:[/U][/B]

"Analyzing the Grammar of English" offers a descriptive analysis of the indispensable elements of English grammar. Designed to be covered in one semester, this textbook starts from scratch and takes nothing for granted beyond a reading and speaking knowledge of English.

Extensively revised to function better in skills-building classes, it includes more interspersed exercises that promptly test what is taught, simplified and clarified explanations, greatly expanded and more diverse activities, and a new glossary of over 200 technical terms.


"Analyzing the Grammar of English, Third Edition" is the only English grammar to view the sentence as a strictly punctuational construct - anything that begins with a capital letter and ends with a period, a question mark, an exclamation mark, or three dots - rather than a syntactic one, and to load, in consequence, all the necessary syntactic analysis onto the clause and its constituents. It is also one of the very few English grammars to include - alongside multiple examples of canonical or "standard" language - occasional samples of stigmatized speech to illustrate grammar points.


Students and teachers in courses of English grammatical analysis, English teaching methods, TESOL methods, and developmental English will all benefit from this new edition.

v

Contents

Figures ix

Acknowledgments xi

Introduction xiii

1 Utterances, Sentences, Clauses, and Phrases 1

The Most Important Parts of Speech 5

Noun 5

Verb 7

Adjective 10

Adverb 12

Pronoun 13

Determiner 14

Quantifier 14

Preposition 14

Case 16

Subject Case 17

Genitive/Possessive Case 17

Object Case and Subject Case 17

Sounds: Phones, Phonemes, and Allophones 19

Forms: Morphemes and Allomorphs 24

/z/—A Highly Productive English Morpheme 25

/d/—Another Highly Productive English Morpheme 28

Problems with /d/ 29

Note 30

2 Verbs, Tenses, Forms, and Functions 31

Conjugating a Verb 31

Regular Verbs 31

Irregular Verbs 32

The Nine Morphological Patterns of Irregular Verbs 33

Verb Tenses and Auxiliary Verbs: The Nonmodal Auxiliaries (Do, Be, Have) and

the Modal Auxiliaries 38

The Simple Tenses 38

The Importance of the Subject 38

Imperatives, the Present Tense, and the Excluded Subject Pronoun 39

The Compound Tenses: Present and Past 39vi

The Compound Tenses: Future and Conditional 40

Future Tense 41

Conditional Tense 41

Verb Tenses’ Meanings and Uses 45

The Present Tense 46

The Past Tense 48

The Future and the Conditional Tenses 48

The Progressive Tenses: Present/Past/Future/Conditional 50

The Perfect Tenses: Present/Past/Future/Conditional 50

Notes 54

3 Basic Structures, Questions, Do-Insertion, Negation, Auxiliaries,

Responses, Emphasis, Contraction 55

The Five Basic Structures 55

Two Different Types of Questions 55

Do-Insertion 55

Negation 56

The Role of the First Auxiliary (aux) 56

Nonmodal Auxiliaries Be/Do/Have Can also Be Used as Lexical Verbs 57

Wh-Words as Subjects vs. Wh-Words as Objects 58

Selection Questions 63

Declarative Questions 63

Echo Questions 64

Tag Questions 64

Invariant Tags 65

Elliptical Responses 65

Emphasis and Emphatic Structures 68

Contractions: A Summing Up 71

Contracting Not 71

Nonmodal Auxiliaries’ Contractions 71

Modal Auxiliaries’ Contractions 74

Note 77

4 Modals, Prepositional and Particle Verbs, Transitivity and Voice, and Conditionality 79

Modals and Perimodals 79

Perimodals 81

The Meanings of Modals and Perimodals 82

Two-Word Verbs: Prepositional Verbs vs. Particle Verbs 89

General Comments about Prepositional vs. Particle Verbs 92

Transitivity: Active Voice, Passive Voice 95

Intransitive Verbs and “Voice” 100

Transitive Verbs in Superficially Intransitive Constructions 100

Normally Transitive Verbs used Intransitively 101

Real-World Use of the English Passive: Pragmatic Constraints and

Agent Phrase Addition 103

GET Passives 104

Conditionality 106

Contentsvii

5 Some Components of the Noun Phrase: Forms and Functions 113

Person and Number 113

Gender 113

Case 114

Expressing Possession: Genitives and Partitives 116

Partitive-Genitive Constructions 117

Determiners, Common/Proper Nouns, and Mass/Count Nouns 121

Determiners 121

Articles, Definiteness, and Specificity 121

Common and Proper Nouns 123

Mass Nouns and Count Nouns 123

Mass-to-Count Shifts 124

Dual-Function Nouns: Nouns That Are Both Mass and Count 125

Pronouns 128

The Morphology of Personal Pronouns 131

Reflexive Pronouns 131

Reciprocal Constructions 132

Demonstratives 135

Demonstrative Pronouns 136

Indefinite Pronouns 137

Relative Pronouns 138

Interrogative Pronouns 139

Pro-Words: Pronoun-Like Words for Clauses, Phrases, Adjectives, and Adverbs 140

Note 142

6 Adjectives and Relative Clauses 143

Attributive and Predicate Adjectives: Identification and Syntax 143

The Syntax of Prenominal Attributive Adjectives 147

Adjectives and Adverbs: Comparative and Superlative Forms 148

Changing Equatives to Comparatives: When to Use More and When to Use -er 148

The Morphology of Superlatives: When to Use -est and When to Use Most 150

Equatives, Comparatives, and Superlatives: Their Structures and Meanings 150

Equatives with Comparative Meanings and Equatives and Comparatives with

Superlative Meanings 153

Relative Clauses, Relative Pronouns, and Their Antecedents 155

When to Use Who and When to Use Whom 157

Deleting Relative Pronouns: Creating Gaps and the Process of Gapping 157

The Twenty Types of Relative Clauses 158

How to Use the Example Sentences in Figure 6b 158

The Relativization of the Possessive Determiner Whose 159

Restrictive and Nonrestrictive (Relative) Clauses 165

Relative Pronoun Clauses with Present Participles/Gerunds and with

Past Participles 168

Notes 170

7 Adverbs, It and There Referentials and Nonreferentials, and Fronting 171

Adverbs 171

It as a Referential, It as a Nonreferential 174



Contentsviii

Adverb Referential There, Existence-Marking Nonreferential There 175

Emphasis by Peak Stressing, Solo Fronting, or Cleft Fronting 178

Note 182

8 Compound Sentences: Coordination, Subordination 183

Compound Sentences 183

Coordinate Sentences 183

Subordinate Sentences 188

Clausal Adverb Complements 190

Clausal Object or Subject Complements 191

Clausal Predicate Nominative Complements 192

Clausal Noun Complements 192

Clausal Adjective Complements 193

Tenseless Complements 195

Infinitives and Gerunds as Tenseless Verb Complements 195

The That-Clause 197

The Infinitive Complement 197

Equi-Deletion 198

Raising to Object 198

Infinitive Complement with Equi-Deletion 198

Infinitive Complement with Raising to Object 199

Gerund Complement 201

Gerund Complement with Equi-Deletion 201

Gerund Complement with Raising to Object 201

Gerund Complement with Raising to Possessive 202

Purpose Complements 203

Miscellaneous Complementation Patterns 204

Summary of All Clausal Complementation Patterns 204

Appendix 211

Glossary of Terms 219

Index 229