Sách A Working Guide To Process Equipment

Chemical engineers and technicians often can't identify the source of equipment malfunctions because they don't understand how the equipment works. This easy-to-read guide offers explanations of the inner workings of equipment in petroleum refineries, chemical and pharmaceutical plants, fertilizer plants, and other continuous process facilities. Tips, worked out calculations, and simple process figures expedite troubleshooting of problems in heaters, turbines, vacuum systems, instrumentation, refrigeration systems, compressors, and much more.

Content

Chapter 1. How Trays Work: Flooding
Downcomer Backup
Chapter 2. How Trays Work: Dumping
Weeping Through Tray Decks
Chapter 3. Why Control Tower Pressure
Options for Optimizing Tower Operating Pressure
Chapter 4. What Drivers Distillation Towers
Reboiler Function
Chapter 5. How Reboilers Work
Thermosyphon, Gravity Feed, and Forced
Chapter 6. How Instruments Work
Levels, Pressure, Flows, and Temperatures
Chapter 7. Packed Towers: Better than Trays?
Packed-Bed Vapor and Liquid Distribution
Chapter 8. Steam and Condensate Systems
Water Hammer and Condensate Backup Steam-Side Reboiler Control
Chapter 9. Bubble Point and Dew Point
Equilibrium Concepts in Vapor-Liquid Mixtures
Chapter 10. Steam Strippers
Source of Latent Heat of Vaporization
Chapter 11. Draw-off Nozzle Hydraulics
Nozzle Cavitation Due to Lack of Hydrostatic Head
Chapter 12. Pumparounds and Tower Heat Flows
Closing the Tower Enthalpy Balance
Chapter 13. Condensers and Tower Pressure Control
Hot-Vapor Bypass: Flooded Condenser Control
Chapter 14. Air Coolers
Fin-Fan Coolers
Chapter 15. Deaerators and Steam Systems
Generating Steam in Boilers and BFW Preparation
Chapter 16. Vacuum Systems: Steam Jet Ejectors
Steam Jet Ejectors
Chapter 17. Steam Turbines
Use of Horsepower Valves and Correct Speed Control
Chapter 18. Surface Condensers
The Condensing Steam Turbine
Chapter 19. Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers
Heat-Transfer Fouling Resistance
Chapter 20. Fired Heaters: Fire- and Flue-Gas-Side
Draft and Afterburn, Optimizing Excess Air
Chapter 21. Fired Heaters: Process Side
Coking Furnace Tubes and Tube Failures
Chapter 22. Refrigeration Systems
An Introduction to Centrifugal Compressors
Chapter 23. Centrifugal Pumps: Fundamentals of Operation
Head, Flow, and Pressure
Chapter 24. Centrifugal Pumps: Driver Limits
Motors, Steam Turbines, and Gears
Chapter 25. Centrifugal Pumps: Suction Pressure Limits
Cavitation and Net Positive Suction Head
Chapter 26. Separators: Vapor-Hydrocarbon-Water
Liquid Settling Rates
Chapter 27. Gas Compression: The Basic Idea
The Second Law of Thermodynamics Made Easy
Chapter 28. Centrifugal Compressors and Surge
Overamping the Motor Driver
Chapter 29. Reciprocating Compressors
Positive Displacement and Carnot Cycle; Use of Indicator Card
Chapter 30. Compressor Efficiency
Chapter 31. Safety Equipment
Relief Valves, Corrosion, and Trips